北极新奥尔松地区有色雪中的微生物多样性

北极地区的极端环境孕育了许多独特抗逆性的微生物群落。融雪期,雪冰界面的藻类大量繁殖从而形成有色雪。为了解这种微型生态系统,本研究对新奥尔松地区有色雪和白雪中细菌进行分离培养和16S rRNA基因测序,并分析雪样中的藻类多样性。本研究共分离获得272株细菌,分别属于变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门中的32个属、74个种,其中16株分离菌为潜在新种。有色雪中分离到放线菌和拟杆菌,但是白雪中未分离到。在有色雪中,藻类群落以Sanguina nivaloides和Chloromonas nivalis为主,白雪中以Monochrysis sp.和Sanguina nivaloides为主。橘雪中优势的β变形菌纲与拟衣藻存在关联,相互促进生长。本研究结果表明,新奥尔松地区有色雪中微生物多样性较高,并为有色雪生境中的藻菌关联研究提供了基础信息。

北极王湾夏季海水中DMSP降解基因的丰度及分布调查

作为海洋中最丰富的有机含硫化合物之一,二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)不仅在浮游植物细胞内具有重要的生理生化及生态功能,同时也是海洋微生物的重要营养物,其分解产物二甲基硫(DMS)还是海洋中最重要的还原态挥发性生源有机硫化物,因此DMSP的代谢在全球硫循环中扮演着重要角色。细菌可通过脱甲基与裂解这两条途径降解海水中的DMSP,从而决定硫元素是以含硫蛋白形式进入微生物食物网还是以DMS形式进入大气。截至目前,在高纬度北极海域开展的有关细菌降解DMSP的相关研究报道很少。本文采用荧光定量PCR技术,首次对北极王湾夏季(2015及2016年)海水中涉及细菌降解DMSP的两条主要代谢途径中的脱甲基酶基因dmdA及裂解酶基因dddP的丰度及分布进行了检测。结果显示,2015-2016年海水中DMSP降解酶基因(dmdA、dddP)与细菌16S rRNA基因的丰度比值的平均值分别为0.25%±0.31%、0.32%±0.58%。2015年水样中,除K5站位的dddP基因之外,表层水中dmdA及dddP的丰度相对值从湾口至湾内均呈递增趋势。但2016年的结果却显示出很大差异:湾口附近dmdA基因丰度相对值总体高于湾内;表层水中的dddP基因丰度相对值变化趋势不明显,而深层水中dddP基因丰度相对值从湾口到湾内总体呈递减趋势。本次研究的结果初步表明,含有DMSP降解基因的浮游细菌在王湾夏季水体中丰度很低,而且参与不同代谢途径的DMSP降解菌在海水中的时空分布存在很大变化。对于王湾水域中细菌参与DMSP分解代谢及其在当地硫元素循环中的生态地位的进一步认识,尚待后续研究工作的深入开展。

一株可利用二甲基巯基丙酸内盐生长的北极海洋细菌的分类鉴定及表型特征分析

二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)是一种主要由海洋浮游植物生成的含硫化合物,在海洋中含量丰富,同时也是海洋细菌的重要营养物之一。采用生长选择性培养基从北极王湾海水中分离到一株细菌DMSP-1。基于16S rRNA基因序列及基因组平均核苷酸一致性(Average Nucleotide Identity,ANI)分析,将该菌鉴定为乳酸假单胞菌。该菌细胞呈杆状,有极生鞭毛;具有耐冷(可在5℃较快生长,适宜生长温度范围为22~29℃,最高生长温度为38℃)、耐盐(适宜生长盐度范围为0~4%NaCl、最高生长盐度为8%NaCl)等特性,表明该菌能较好地适应其所处的北极近岸环境。碳源生长实验证实该菌能以DMSP为唯一碳源进行生长。该菌具有乳酸假单胞菌的许多生理生化特征,但也存在差异,如色氨酸脱氨酶与脲酶为阳性、不能利用鼠李糖产酸等。对假单胞菌DMSP-1开展进一步的研究,将推动人们对于海洋细菌降解DMSP的代谢机制及其在北极海洋环境中生态功能的深入认识。

Diversity of the aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy gene pufM in Arctic and Antarctic coastal seawaters

Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic（AAP） bacteria serve important functions in marine carbon and energy cycling because of their capability to utilize dissolved organic substrates and harvest light energy.AAP bacteria are widely distributed in marine environments,and their diversity has been examined in marine habitats.However,information about AAP bacteria at high latitudes remains insufficient to date.Therefore,this study determined the summer AAP bacterial diversity in Arctic Kongsfjorden and in the Antarctic coastal seawater of King George Island on the basis of puf M,a gene that encodes a pigment-binding protein subunit of the reaction center complex.Four puf M clone libraries were constructed,and 674 positive clones were obtained from four investigated stations（two in Kongsfjorden and two in the Antarctic Maxwell Bay）.Arctic clones were clustered within the Alphaproteobacteria,whereas Antarctic clones were classified into the Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria classes.Rhodobacteraceae-like puf M genes dominated in all samples.In addition,sequences closely related to puf M encoded on a plasmid in Sulfitobacter guttiformis were predominant in both Arctic and Antarctic samples.This result indicates the transpolar or even global distribution of puf M genes in marine environments.Meanwhile,differences between the Arctic and Antarctic sequences may prove polar endemism.These results indicate the important role of Rhodobacteraceae as AAP bacteria in bipolar coastal waters.

Phylogenetic diversity of planktonic bacteria in the Chukchi Borderland region in summer

Planktonic bacteria are abundant in the Chukchi Borderland region. However, little is known about their di- versity and the roles of various bacteria in the ocean. Seawater samples were collected from two stations K2S and K4S where sea ice was melting obviously. The analysis of water samples with fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） showed that DMSP-degrading bacteria accounted for 13% of the total bacteria at the station K2S. No aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic （AAP） bacteria were detected in both samples. The bacterial communities were characterized by two 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Sequences fell into four major lineages of the domain Bacteria, including Proteobacteria （Alpha, Beta and Gamma subclasses）, Bac- teroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. No significant difference was found between the two clone li- braries. SAR11 and Rhodobacteraceae clades of Alphaproteobacteria and Pseudoalteromonas of Gammapro- teobacteria constituted three dominant fractions in the clone libraries. A total of 191 heterotrophic bacterial strains were isolated and 76% showed extracellular proteolytic activity. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the isolates fell into Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The most common genus in both the bacterial isolates and protease-producing bacteria was Pseudoalteromonas. UniFrac data showed suggestive differences in bacterial communities between the Chukchi Borderland and the northern Bering Sea.

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.

主动式太阳能温室干燥研究

响应国家节能政策,本实验旨在对太阳能温室干燥技术进行研究,通过对自然干燥、太阳能直接干燥、太阳能间接干燥、太阳能直接-间接相结合等不同的干燥方式的运作形式介绍并对各自的优缺点进行比较,分析说明太阳能温室干燥技术在未来干燥行业的发展前景。

Complete genome analysis of bacteriochlorophyll acontaining Roseicitreum antarcticum ZS2-28^(T)reveals its adaptation to Antarctic intertidal environment

Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria(AAPB)are photoheterotrophic prokaryotes able to use both light and dissolved organic matter as energy sources.Roseicitreum antarcticum ZS2-28^(T)was isolated from intertidal sediment in the Larsemann Hills,Princess Elizabeth Land,Antarctica,and was able to produce bacteriochlorophyll a.It is the type strain of the sole species within the genus Roseicitreum.The complete genome sequence of the bacterium was determined using Illumina HiSeq X and PacBio RSII systems.The genome of R.antarcticum ZS2-28^(T)was 4253095 bp and consisted of one chromosome and four plasmids.A number of genes related to the bacteriochlorophyll a production,photosynthetic reaction,cold adaptation,salt adaptation,ultra-violet resistance and DNA damage repairing were found in the genome.In addition to genomic islands and typeⅣsecretion systems,genes related to gene transfer agents were detected in the genome of R.antarcticum ZS2-28^(T),suggesting that this bacterium can adapt to its environment by acquiring exogenous nucleic acids.The annotated complete genome sequence provides genetic insights into the environmental adaptation and ecological function of R.antarcticum ZS2-28^(T)in Antarctic coastal area.

Preliminary genome analysis of psychrotolerant marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. BSw20308 reveals its potential applications

The genus Pseudoalteromonas is ubiquitous in the marine environment and can synthesize a wide range of extracellular compounds. Psychrotolerant Pseudoalteromonas sp. BSw20308 was isolated from the Chukchi Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It produces a number of extracellular enzymes that can degrade polysaccharides and proteins. The BSw20308 genome was sequenced to 38.1-fold coverage, and the sequences were assembled into 146 contigs （〉~500 bp）. In total, 4 172 open reading frames （ORFs） with an average gene length of 987 bp were detected. At least 86 ORFs were predicted by sequence analysis to encode a variety of catalytic modules involved in the degradation of polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. In addition, 36 ORFs were predicted to encode catalytic modules involved in the degradation of organic pollutants and halogenated compounds, and in the production of bioactive compounds. The draft genome sequence of BSw20308 provides new information about the ecological function and adaptation of the genus Pseudoalteromonas in Arctic marine environments, and also indicates its potential applica- tions in the biotechnology industries （e.g., enzymology, and pollutant degradation）.

Relationships between two Pseudoalteromonas strains isolated from the Canada Basin and the Southern Ocean using a polyphasic approach

The evolutionary relationships and taxonomic position of two marine planktonic bacterial strains BSw20211 and BSwl0014, isolated from the Canada Basin and from the Southern Ocean, respectively, were determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. There was a close phylogenetic relationship between the two strains and most phenotypic properties were shared. Nonetheless, they were found to belong to different species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas on the basis of genotypic analyses. Findings were consistent with the suggestion that gyrB gene sequence comparison and DNA-DNA relatedness might better define phylogenetic relationships of bacteria at the species level. However, a cut-off value of 90% gyrB gene sequence similarity was not reliable for the differentiation of species within the genus Pseudoalteromonas.