封丘县典型农田土壤质量与时空变化特征

黄淮海平原作为我国重要的粮食产区,系统全面地评价该区域典型潮土的质量变化,对指导农业生产具有重要意义。以典型潮土分布的封丘县作为研究区,选取1984、2003和2011年的17项土壤指标,基于土壤参与生态过程中作物生产、碳固存、持水净化和养分运移等功能,构建土壤综合质量评价系统,采用主成分分析结合逼近理想点排序法(TOPSIS)计算各功能得分及土壤质量综合指数,通过GIS空间插值描述封丘县27年内潮土耕作区土壤质量和功能的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)封丘县土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量及阳离子交换量、饱和导水率和孔隙度均呈现不同程度的提升趋势;全钾含量、pH、容重、田间持水量和有效含水量则呈逐年降低趋势;(2)封丘县土壤作物生产、碳固存和养分运移功能得分均有所提升,增长率分别为9.29%、9.68%和7.36%,持水净化功能得分则降低4.17%;(3)封丘县土壤质量综合指数提升较为明显,1984年全县耕地土壤质量综合指数均≤2.0,2003年综合指数>2.0的耕地面积占全县总面积的8.44%,2011年提升至24.05%。整体而言,封丘县该时期的耕地保护和利用模式基本是有效的,封丘县耕地整体质量不断向好的方向发展,相关结果可以为黄淮海地区耕地资源可持续利用提供参考。

水稻的雄性不育性及其在杂种优势中的利用

雄性不育性是植物界存在的普遍现象,雄性不育系在水稻杂种优势利用中起着重要作用。我国水稻杂种优势的利用经历了"三系法""两系法"和"第三代"杂交水稻的发展历程,该历程的实质就是水稻雄性不育系种子生产技术体系的发展。本文综述了细胞质雄性不育系、两用核不育系和隐性核不育系在我国水稻杂种优势利用中的研究进展,展望了水稻雄性不育系在水稻杂种优势利用的发展前景,以期为我国杂交水稻的创新发展提供参考。

砂姜黑土有机无机复合体结构特征及其对土壤颜色的影响机制

土壤颜色是反映土壤发生、形成环境及肥力特征的一项重要物理性状。通常高有机质含量土壤的颜色比较黑,但我国典型低有机质含量的砂姜黑土土壤颜色也很黑。基于传统化学方法的研究认为高度芳构化的腐殖质成分与土粒结合使砂姜黑土呈现黑色。然而采用化学方法只能提取部分腐殖质成分,且破坏了有机质及有机无机复合体的化学结构,其结果不具有代表性。通过不破坏土壤有机无机复合体结构的物理方法从砂姜黑土中提取黑色物质的研究发现蒙皂石吸附有机质形成的黑色有机无机复合体是砂姜黑土呈现黑色的决定性成分。但是,这些黑色有机无机复合体的有机质结构及复合体呈现黑色的机制还不清楚。本研究旨在通过物理方法从砂姜黑土中提取黑色组分,从有机质结构及其与蒙皂石矿物作用方面研究这些黑色有机无机复合体的特征,探讨其呈现黑色的机理。首先采用物理方法从黄淮海平原三个地点的典型砂姜黑土表土层(0~40 cm)土壤中提取浅色组分[>53μm颗粒、白(W)和浅白(LW)]和黑色组分[浅黑(LB)、黑(B)和纳米黑(NB)]。然后采用分光测色仪、固态13C核磁共振谱仪和X射线衍射仪分别测定不同提取组分的黑度、有机质结构和蒙皂石含量。相关分析和通径分析结果表明,提取组分有机质的羧基碳、氨基碳、烷基碳和烷氧碳对砂姜黑土黑度的直接影响效应和间接效应都较大,芳香碳含量和芳香度对土壤黑度的影响则较小,蒙皂石对土壤黑度的直接影响效应及其通过羧基碳、氨基碳和烷基碳对土壤黑度的间接效应都较大。因此,砂姜黑土中大量存在的蒙皂石通过吸附有机质中含有生/助色团的羧基碳、氨基碳、烷氧碳及烷基碳形成有机-无机复合体是其呈现黑色的主要机制,并不是传统观点认为的芳香碳及高芳香度。

Acid and Alkali Buffer Capacity of Typical Fluvor-Aquic Soil in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

Soil acid and alkali buffer capacity, as a major indicator for evaluating its vulnerability and resistibility to acidification and alkalization, is an important factor affecting the sustainable agriculture, through knowledge on which soil acidification process can be predicted and modified. In this study, titration curve method was adopted to investigate the pH buffer capacity （pHBC） of fluvor-aquic soil, and separate titration curves were established by adding incremental amounts of either standardized hydrochloric acid （HC1） （0.12 mol L^-1） or sodium hydroxide （NaOH） （0.10 mol L^-1） to soil suspended in deionized water （soil：solution = 1：5）. Soil pH was measured after 7 d resuspension and isothermal equilibrium （T = 25℃）. Linear regressions were fitted to the linear portion of each titration curve and the slopes of these lines were derived as the soil pHBC. The results showed that significant correlations between the amounts of adding acid or alkali and each pH change were presented, and titration curve method was feasible for measurement of pHBC on typical fluvor-aquic soil in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and the coefficients of determination were higher than the similar researches on acid soil （R^2 = 0.96）. The slope-derived pHBC of acid and alkali were 158.71 and 25.02 mmol kg^-1, respectively. According to the classification of soil buffer systems, the soil tested belongs to the calcium carbonate buffer system, carbonates contribute the most to pHBC, and the contribution of soil organic matter relatively less than it.

Stable Isotope Studies of Crop Carbon and Water Relations:A Review

Crop carbon and water relations research is important in the studies of water saving agriculture, breeding program, and energy and material cycles in soil plant atmosphere continuum （SPAC）. The purpose of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge on stable isotopes of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in the research of crop carbon and water relations, such as carbon isotope discrimination （△^13C） during carbon fixation process by photosynthesis, application of △^13C in crop water use efficiency （WUE） and breeding programs, oxygen isotope enrichment during leaf water transpiration, CO2 fixation by photosynthesis and release by respiration, application of hydrogen isotope composition （619） and oxygen isotope composition （6180） for determination of water source used by a crop, stable isotope coupling Keeling plot for investigating the carbon and water flux in ecosystem, energy and material cycle in SPAC and correlative integrative models on stable isotope. These aspects contain most of the stable isotope researches on crop carbon and water relations which have been widely explored internationally while less referred in China. Based on the reviewed literatures, some needs for future research are suggested.

Proton accumulation accelerated by heavy chemical nitrogen fertilization and its long-term impact on acidifying rate in a typical arable soil in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

Cropland productivity has been significantly impacted by soil acidification resulted from nitrogen （N） fertilization, especially as a result of excess ammoniacal N input. With decades＇ intensive agricultural cultivation and heavy chemical N input in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the impact extent of induced proton input on soil pH in the long term was not yet clear. In this study, acidification rates of different soil layers in the soil profile （0-120 cm） were calculated by pH buffer capacity （pHBC） and net input of protons due to chemical N incorporation. Topsoil （0-20 cm） pH changes of a long-term fertilization field （from 1989） were determined to validate the predicted values. The results showed that the acid and alkali buffer capacities varied significantly in the soil profile, averaged 692 and 39.8 mmolc kg-1 pH-1, respectively. A significant （P〈0.05） correlation was found between pHRC and the content of calcium carbonate. Based on the commonly used application rate of urea （500 kg N ha-1 yr-1）, the induced proton input in this region was predicted to be 16.1 kmol ha-1 yr-1, and nitrification and plant uptake of nitrate were the most important mechanisms for proton producing and consuming, respectively. The acidification rate of topsoil （0-20 cm） was estimated to be 0.01 unit pH yr-1 at the assumed N fertilization level. From 1989 to 2009, topsoil pH （0-20 cm） of the long-term fertilization field decreased from 8.65 to 8.50 for the PK （phosphorus, 150 kg P205 ha-1 yr-1; potassium, 300 kg K20 ha-1 yr-1; without N fertilization）, and 8.30 for NPK （nitrogen, 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1; phosphorus, 150 kg P2Os ha-1 yr-1; potassium, 300 kg K20 ha -1 yr-1）, respectively. Therefore, the apparent soil acidification rate induced by N fertilization equaled to 0.01 unit pH yr-1, which can be a reference to the estimated result, considering the effect of atmospheric N deposition, crop biomass, field management and plant uptake of other nutrients and cations. As protons could be consumed by some field practices, such as stubble return and coupled water and nutrient management, soil pH would maintain relatively stable if proper management practices can be adopted in this region.

中国城镇化动态演进的理论机制研究——基于商品、要素和城市软实力的三维视角

城镇化是现代化的必经之路,我国城镇化已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段。本文利用我国1991年至2021年31个省份面板数据研究中国城镇化动态演进理论机制。研究发现,商品市场、要素市场和城市软实力指数对城镇化发展具有驱动作用。以2002年和2012年为重要节点,将城镇化阶段分为早期阶段、高速增长阶段和高质量发展阶段三个阶段,研究发现影响城镇化率的因素呈现出明显的结构特征,不同阶段对应的发展驱动力不同。在初期阶段,城镇化率主要依靠商品市场经济发展驱动;在高速增长阶段,城镇化率的提高依靠商品市场和要素市场来驱动。在城镇化高质量发展期阶段,城镇化率提高的主要动力来源于城市软实力水平。此外,海陆统筹可持续发展水平、公共基础设施服务、城市环境和文化活动等城市软实力的提高会推动城镇化迈向高质量发展水平。

小型丁烷气燃料发电机低温环境的试验研究

本文是针对小型丁烷气燃料发电机在低温环境下的试验研究,主要进行低温环境下的起动试验和加载试验的研究。由于丁烷沸点高、易液化的特性,决定了以丁烷为燃料的发动机很难在10℃以下的环境温度下正常使用。改进措施为,对丁烷的输送管道和汽化器进行加热。通过多组试验对比得出,小型丁烷气燃料发电机在输送管道加热、输送管道加热+汽化器加热、输送管道加热+汽化器加热+汽化器预加热三种状态下的最低起动环境温度和最低满载加载环境温度。

外源凹凸棒土添加对半干旱矿区复垦土壤水分涵养功能的影响

大规模的采矿作业已对我国半干旱区植被生态造成很大破坏,矿区植被亟待恢复,以解决半干旱矿区日益恶化的生态环境问题。如何改良土壤、有效储存和利用降水是半干旱矿区复垦土地植被恢复的首要问题。本研究针对半干旱矿区复垦土地水分涵养功能不足的问题,提出利用凹凸棒土和当地砂土组配作为新覆土材料,并研究了外源凹凸棒土添加对神木矿区复垦土壤入渗、排水和储水能力的影响。结果表明:随着凹凸棒土含量的增加,土壤的累积入渗量减少4.8%~37.4%,入渗率减少6.4%~46.3%,湿润锋推进速度减小9.8%~116.9%,饱和导水率减小14.3%~59.5%,24 h和72 h排水量分别减少0.3%~4.3%和0.3%~2.5%,土壤最大储水量增加1.6%~22.4%。外源凹凸棒土的作用效果在添加量为150 t·hm^(-2)时基本已达到最大,结合经济成本的最佳用量在30~150 t·hm^(-2)。本研究结果系统揭示了凹凸棒土对半干旱矿区土壤减渗保水的作用机理,证明其可以作为半干旱矿区复垦土壤改良的有效材料,为半干旱矿区土地复垦和植被恢复提供参考。