为探讨水稻叶绿体发育的分子机制,通过对粳稻日本晴进行甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变,获得一个稳定遗传的叶色白化突变体wrg20(white turn green 20),并对其进行表型鉴定、基因定位和功能分析。与野生型(WT)相比,该突变体于30℃培养时在三叶...为探讨水稻叶绿体发育的分子机制,通过对粳稻日本晴进行甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变,获得一个稳定遗传的叶色白化突变体wrg20(white turn green 20),并对其进行表型鉴定、基因定位和功能分析。与野生型(WT)相比,该突变体于30℃培养时在三叶期之前完全白化,26℃时突变体白化叶片部分返绿。遗传分析结果表明,该突变性状受单隐性核基因控制。将该突变体与籼稻93-11杂交,构建F2分离群体并进行基因定位,将该基因定位于2号染色体198 kb区间内,通过测序发现LOC_Os02g33610存在由G至A单碱基替换,导致编码的天冬氨酸转化为天冬酰胺,表明该基因可能为OsWRG20的候选基因,与先前所报道的调控叶绿体发育的基因GRY79为等位基因。对该基因进行结构和功能分析,表明OsWRG20可能是调控水稻苗期幼叶生长发育的重要基因。与野生型相比,突变体的叶绿体基因内含子剪接效率降低,由此推断OsWRG20可能通过调控叶绿体RNA的剪接,参与调控水稻苗期叶绿体的发育。本研究结果为苗期水稻叶绿体发育研究提供了新的理论基础。展开更多
Reasonable nitrogen(N) application is a promising strategy for reducing crop cadmium(Cd) toxicity. However, the specific form of N and the required amount that affect Cd tolerance and accumulation in rice remain uncle...Reasonable nitrogen(N) application is a promising strategy for reducing crop cadmium(Cd) toxicity. However, the specific form of N and the required amount that affect Cd tolerance and accumulation in rice remain unclear. This study explored the influence of different N-fertilizer forms(NH_(4)NO_(3), NH_4Cl, and KNO_(3)) and dosages on Cd tolerance and uptake in Cd-stressed N-sensitive and N-insensitive indica rice accessions. The results indicated that the Cd tolerance of N-sensitive indica accessions is more robust than that of N-insensitive ones. Furthermore, the shoot Cd content and Cd translocation rate in both N-sensitive and N-insensitive indica accessions decreased with an appropriate supply of NH_(4)NO_(3) and NH_4Cl, whereas they were comparable or slightly increased with increased KNO_(3). Unfortunately, we did not find significant and regular differences in Cd accumulation or translocation between N-sensitive and N-insensitive rice accessions. Consistent with the reduction of shoot Cd content, the addition of NH_(4)NO_(3) and NH_4Cl also inhibited the instantaneous root Cd^(2+) uptake. The expression changes of Cd transport-related genes under different N forms and dosages suggested that the decreased shoot Cd content, caused by the increased supply of NH_(4)NO_(3) and NH_4Cl, is likely achieved by reducing the transcription of OsNRAMP1 and OsIRT1. In summary, our findings reveal that an appropriate supply of NH_(4)NO_(3) and NH_4Cl could reduce Cd uptake and transport in rice seedlings, suggesting that rational N management could reduce the Cd risk in rice production.展开更多
The morphological development of rice(Oryza sativa L.)leaves is closely related to plant architecture,physiological activities,and resistance.However,it is unclear whether there is a co-regulatory relationship between...The morphological development of rice(Oryza sativa L.)leaves is closely related to plant architecture,physiological activities,and resistance.However,it is unclear whether there is a co-regulatory relationship between the morphological development of leaves and adaptation to drought environment.In this study,a drought-sensitive,roll-enhanced,and narrow-leaf mutant(renl1)was induced from a semi-rolled leaf mutant(srl1)by ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS),which was obtained from Nipponbare(NPB)through EMS.Map-based cloning and functional validation showed that RENL1 encodes a cellulose synthase,allelic to NRL1/OsCLSD4.The RENL1 mutation resulted in reduced vascular bundles,vesicular cells,cellulose,and hemicellulose contents in cell walls,diminishing the water-holding capacity of leaves.In addition,the root system of the renl1 mutant was poorly developed and its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species(ROS)was decreased,leading to an increase in ROS after drought stress.Meanwhile,genetic results showed that RENL1 and SRL1 synergistically regulated cell wall components.Our results revealed a theoretical basis for further elucidating the molecular regulation mechanism of cellulose on rice drought tolerance,and provided a new genetic resource for enhancing the synergistic regulation network of plant type and stress resistance,thereby realizing simultaneous improvement of multiple traits in rice.展开更多
Rice is an important food crop in China, and the development of hybrid rice is a crucial way to increase grain yield. The creation of dual-purpose nuclear-sterile lines for two-line hybrid breeding has become vital fo...Rice is an important food crop in China, and the development of hybrid rice is a crucial way to increase grain yield. The creation of dual-purpose nuclear-sterile lines for two-line hybrid breeding has become vital for commercial rice breeding. We constructed the pC1300-2 x35 S::Cas9-sgRNA^(PTGMS2-1) expression vector for editing the male fertility gene PTGMS2-1 in two widely compatible rice varieties, 93-11 and Huazhan, by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We obtained the marker-free photoperiod-/thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile(P/TGMS) lines in T_1 generation. According to the experiments in phytotron with four temperature and photoperiod treatments, we found the temperature is the main factor for restoring the pollen fertility of ptgms2-1 mutants in 93-11 and Huazhan, and the photoperiod also has some effects on pollen fertility in two different rice backgrounds. The application of cultivating new male-sterile lines by genome editing system will significantly accelerate the rice breeding process.展开更多
An ideal leaf shape is beneficial to the yield of rice.Molecular understanding of the leaf primordia and polarity establishment plays a significant role in exploring the genetic regulatory network of leaf morphogenesi...An ideal leaf shape is beneficial to the yield of rice.Molecular understanding of the leaf primordia and polarity establishment plays a significant role in exploring the genetic regulatory network of leaf morphogenesis.In recent years,researchers have cloned an array of coding genes and a few non-coding small RNAs involved in rice leaf development through regulating the development of leaf primordia,vascular bundles,sclerenchyma cells,bulliform cells,cell walls and epidermis cells.These genes and their interactions play critical roles in rice leaf development through the determination and regulatory role in gene expression,and their coordination with other genetic networks or signal pathways.But the relationship among these genes is poorly defined and the underlying network is still unclear.In this review,we introduced the regulatory pathways of leaf primordium development and leaf polarity establishment,mainly the relationship between cell development mechanism and leaf polarity establishment,focusing on how leaf tissue affects leaf shape.Hopefully,the regulation network reviewed here has immediate implications for future research and genomic design breeding.展开更多
【目的】水稻粒形是影响水稻产量和决定稻米外观品质的主要性状之一。筛选和鉴定新的粒形突变材料,可为研究水稻籽粒发育的调控机制奠定基础。【方法】粳稻品种中花11经1%的EMS处理,在诱变群体中获得一份窄粒突变体gw4(grain width on c...【目的】水稻粒形是影响水稻产量和决定稻米外观品质的主要性状之一。筛选和鉴定新的粒形突变材料,可为研究水稻籽粒发育的调控机制奠定基础。【方法】粳稻品种中花11经1%的EMS处理,在诱变群体中获得一份窄粒突变体gw4(grain width on chromosome 4);分析粒形和其他主要农艺性状,在扫描电镜下观察颖壳细胞变化;利用突变体与籼稻品种台中本地1号配组的F2分离群体,选择隐性个体完成基因的精细定位;开展生物信息和测序分析,确定定位区间的候选基因;采用RT-PCR分析该基因在根、茎、叶、鞘、穗等组织中的表达模式及其他粒形相关基因的表达水平。【结果】与野生型相比,除了表现窄粒外,gw4的粒长、千粒重、每穗粒数、一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数等显著下降;扫描电镜发现gw4的颖壳内外表皮细胞均小于野生型;遗传分析表明该窄粒表型受一对单隐性核基因控制;通过开发的新标记最终将该基因定位在第4染色体BS6与EX49两个标记之间约31.74 kb的范围内;测序结果发现在LOC_Os04g01590基因编码区发生了一个由G至A的单碱基突变,导致原来编码的甘氨酸变成了天冬氨酸;qRT-PCR结果表明,LOC_Os04g01590主要在幼穗中表达,且在突变体中表达显著下降。【结论】GW4主要调控水稻粒宽的发育,预测LOC_Os04g01590为其候选基因。这为进一步丰富粒形的遗传调控网络打下了基础。展开更多
Chloroplast transit peptides(CTPs) can be used to transport non-chloroplastic proteins into the chloroplasts. Here, we studied the CTPs of three rice(Oryza sativa L.) chloroplast-localized proteins and found that thei...Chloroplast transit peptides(CTPs) can be used to transport non-chloroplastic proteins into the chloroplasts. Here, we studied the CTPs of three rice(Oryza sativa L.) chloroplast-localized proteins and found that their CTPs could be used to transport non-chloroplast-localized proteins into the chloroplasts. Fusion proteins lacking the CTP remained located in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we constructed green fluorescent protein fusion vectors with the three CTPs and three non-chloroplast-localized proteins, Ghd10, MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET1(MFS1), and SHORTENED UPPERMOST INTERNODE 1(SUI1). After transforming these constructs into rice protoplasts, the fusion proteins all localized in the chloroplasts. Collectively, our results showed that these CTPs can transport non-chloroplast-localized proteins into the chloroplasts, and more importantly, these CTPs can be applied to engineer chloroplast metabolism.展开更多
An es-t (early senescence-temporary) mutant, produced by ethylene methylsulfonate treatment of strain Nipponbare, was identified in rice. The leaves of es-t appeared yellow at the seedling stage, and had decreased chl...An es-t (early senescence-temporary) mutant, produced by ethylene methylsulfonate treatment of strain Nipponbare, was identified in rice. The leaves of es-t appeared yellow at the seedling stage, and had decreased chlorophyll content. Rust spots were found during growth in es-t, especially at the leaf margin and tip. The plants showed a typical early-senescence phenotype at the milky stage. The leaf surface of es-t appeared smoother than wild-type leaves under a scanning electron microscope, because the leaves lack siliceous protuberances around the stoma. Chloroplasts grow abnormally and are filled with many starch grains in es-t. Paraffin section analysis showed that the development of the sclerenchyma cells and vascular bundles were also abnormal in es-t. Genetic analysis indicated that es-t was controlled by a recessive gene, which was finely mapped to a 42-kb interval on chromosome 5. These results will facilitate the positional cloning and functional studies of the gene.展开更多
文摘为探讨水稻叶绿体发育的分子机制,通过对粳稻日本晴进行甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变,获得一个稳定遗传的叶色白化突变体wrg20(white turn green 20),并对其进行表型鉴定、基因定位和功能分析。与野生型(WT)相比,该突变体于30℃培养时在三叶期之前完全白化,26℃时突变体白化叶片部分返绿。遗传分析结果表明,该突变性状受单隐性核基因控制。将该突变体与籼稻93-11杂交,构建F2分离群体并进行基因定位,将该基因定位于2号染色体198 kb区间内,通过测序发现LOC_Os02g33610存在由G至A单碱基替换,导致编码的天冬氨酸转化为天冬酰胺,表明该基因可能为OsWRG20的候选基因,与先前所报道的调控叶绿体发育的基因GRY79为等位基因。对该基因进行结构和功能分析,表明OsWRG20可能是调控水稻苗期幼叶生长发育的重要基因。与野生型相比,突变体的叶绿体基因内含子剪接效率降低,由此推断OsWRG20可能通过调控叶绿体RNA的剪接,参与调控水稻苗期叶绿体的发育。本研究结果为苗期水稻叶绿体发育研究提供了新的理论基础。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31971872)the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, China (Grant No.2022KF02)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.32101755 and 32188102)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant No.LY22C130005)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant No.2021C02056)the ‘Pioneer’ and ‘Leading Goose’ R&D Program of Zhejiang, China (Grant No.2023C02014)。
文摘Reasonable nitrogen(N) application is a promising strategy for reducing crop cadmium(Cd) toxicity. However, the specific form of N and the required amount that affect Cd tolerance and accumulation in rice remain unclear. This study explored the influence of different N-fertilizer forms(NH_(4)NO_(3), NH_4Cl, and KNO_(3)) and dosages on Cd tolerance and uptake in Cd-stressed N-sensitive and N-insensitive indica rice accessions. The results indicated that the Cd tolerance of N-sensitive indica accessions is more robust than that of N-insensitive ones. Furthermore, the shoot Cd content and Cd translocation rate in both N-sensitive and N-insensitive indica accessions decreased with an appropriate supply of NH_(4)NO_(3) and NH_4Cl, whereas they were comparable or slightly increased with increased KNO_(3). Unfortunately, we did not find significant and regular differences in Cd accumulation or translocation between N-sensitive and N-insensitive rice accessions. Consistent with the reduction of shoot Cd content, the addition of NH_(4)NO_(3) and NH_4Cl also inhibited the instantaneous root Cd^(2+) uptake. The expression changes of Cd transport-related genes under different N forms and dosages suggested that the decreased shoot Cd content, caused by the increased supply of NH_(4)NO_(3) and NH_4Cl, is likely achieved by reducing the transcription of OsNRAMP1 and OsIRT1. In summary, our findings reveal that an appropriate supply of NH_(4)NO_(3) and NH_4Cl could reduce Cd uptake and transport in rice seedlings, suggesting that rational N management could reduce the Cd risk in rice production.
基金supported by the Nanfan Special Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Grant No. ZDXM2315)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 32372125, 31861143006, and 32188102)+2 种基金Special Support Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Grant NO. NKYCLJ-C-2021-015)Specific Research Fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province2023 College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of Jiangxi Agricultural University, China (Grant No. S202310410095)
文摘The morphological development of rice(Oryza sativa L.)leaves is closely related to plant architecture,physiological activities,and resistance.However,it is unclear whether there is a co-regulatory relationship between the morphological development of leaves and adaptation to drought environment.In this study,a drought-sensitive,roll-enhanced,and narrow-leaf mutant(renl1)was induced from a semi-rolled leaf mutant(srl1)by ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS),which was obtained from Nipponbare(NPB)through EMS.Map-based cloning and functional validation showed that RENL1 encodes a cellulose synthase,allelic to NRL1/OsCLSD4.The RENL1 mutation resulted in reduced vascular bundles,vesicular cells,cellulose,and hemicellulose contents in cell walls,diminishing the water-holding capacity of leaves.In addition,the root system of the renl1 mutant was poorly developed and its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species(ROS)was decreased,leading to an increase in ROS after drought stress.Meanwhile,genetic results showed that RENL1 and SRL1 synergistically regulated cell wall components.Our results revealed a theoretical basis for further elucidating the molecular regulation mechanism of cellulose on rice drought tolerance,and provided a new genetic resource for enhancing the synergistic regulation network of plant type and stress resistance,thereby realizing simultaneous improvement of multiple traits in rice.
文摘【目的】叶片是水稻进行光合作用的主要场所,叶片颜色的变化与水稻的生长发育直接相关。发掘水稻叶色突变体,是水稻功能基因组学研究的重要遗传基础。【方法】利用EMS诱变日本晴获得一个能稳定遗传的淡绿叶突变体,暂命名为pgl11(pale green leaf 11)。在不同生育期测定野生型与突变体的叶绿素含量。在苗期,取野生型与突变体叶片进行叶绿体结构的透射电镜观察。在分蘖期,测定野生型与突变体的光合参数并观察气孔结构。在成熟期,测定野生型和pgl11的主要农艺性状。以pgl11为母本,南京6号为父本构建相应的F2群体,采用图位克隆的方法,对该基因进行定位。【结果】从苗期开始,突变体pgl11的每一片新叶均表现为淡绿色,叶绿素含量显著降低,叶绿体发育异常。随着叶片的生长,叶色由淡绿逐渐转绿,至抽穗期时叶绿素含量亦无明显差异。pgl11还表现光合速率、气孔导度明显下降,胞间CO_2浓度上升。扫描电镜观察发现,突变体pgl11的气孔发育异常。与野生型相比,突变体的农艺性状如株高、剑叶宽、二次枝梗数、每穗粒数、粒长、粒宽、千粒重以及结实率等均显著降低。对叶绿素合成、光合作用以及质体发育相关基因的表达量测定表明,突变体pgl11中参与叶绿体转录和翻译相关基因的表达量显著升高,而叶绿素合成和光合作用相关基因的表达量显著下降。遗传分析表明,该突变表型受一对隐性核基因控制。通过图位克隆的方法将该基因定位于第1染色体上的C6和C8标记之间,物理距离约为110 kb。【结论】该定位区间内未见有叶色相关基因报道,推测PGL11基因可能是一个新的水稻叶色基因。
基金supported by the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund of China National Rice Research Institute (Grant No. 2017RG001-4)
文摘Rice is an important food crop in China, and the development of hybrid rice is a crucial way to increase grain yield. The creation of dual-purpose nuclear-sterile lines for two-line hybrid breeding has become vital for commercial rice breeding. We constructed the pC1300-2 x35 S::Cas9-sgRNA^(PTGMS2-1) expression vector for editing the male fertility gene PTGMS2-1 in two widely compatible rice varieties, 93-11 and Huazhan, by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We obtained the marker-free photoperiod-/thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile(P/TGMS) lines in T_1 generation. According to the experiments in phytotron with four temperature and photoperiod treatments, we found the temperature is the main factor for restoring the pollen fertility of ptgms2-1 mutants in 93-11 and Huazhan, and the photoperiod also has some effects on pollen fertility in two different rice backgrounds. The application of cultivating new male-sterile lines by genome editing system will significantly accelerate the rice breeding process.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31861143006,31901483 and 31770195)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFDO101801)Zhejiang Provincial‘Ten Thousand Talent Program’(Grant No.2018R52025).
文摘An ideal leaf shape is beneficial to the yield of rice.Molecular understanding of the leaf primordia and polarity establishment plays a significant role in exploring the genetic regulatory network of leaf morphogenesis.In recent years,researchers have cloned an array of coding genes and a few non-coding small RNAs involved in rice leaf development through regulating the development of leaf primordia,vascular bundles,sclerenchyma cells,bulliform cells,cell walls and epidermis cells.These genes and their interactions play critical roles in rice leaf development through the determination and regulatory role in gene expression,and their coordination with other genetic networks or signal pathways.But the relationship among these genes is poorly defined and the underlying network is still unclear.In this review,we introduced the regulatory pathways of leaf primordium development and leaf polarity establishment,mainly the relationship between cell development mechanism and leaf polarity establishment,focusing on how leaf tissue affects leaf shape.Hopefully,the regulation network reviewed here has immediate implications for future research and genomic design breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31601284 and 31661143006)the Transgenic Plant Research and Commercialization Project of the Ministry of Agriculture of China(Grant No.2016ZX08001003-002)+1 种基金Zhejiang Province Outstanding Youth Fund(Grant No.LR16C130001)the Collaborative Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.Y2016XT05)
文摘Chloroplast transit peptides(CTPs) can be used to transport non-chloroplastic proteins into the chloroplasts. Here, we studied the CTPs of three rice(Oryza sativa L.) chloroplast-localized proteins and found that their CTPs could be used to transport non-chloroplast-localized proteins into the chloroplasts. Fusion proteins lacking the CTP remained located in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, we constructed green fluorescent protein fusion vectors with the three CTPs and three non-chloroplast-localized proteins, Ghd10, MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET1(MFS1), and SHORTENED UPPERMOST INTERNODE 1(SUI1). After transforming these constructs into rice protoplasts, the fusion proteins all localized in the chloroplasts. Collectively, our results showed that these CTPs can transport non-chloroplast-localized proteins into the chloroplasts, and more importantly, these CTPs can be applied to engineer chloroplast metabolism.
基金supported by the National Special Program for Research and Transgenic Plants (2011ZX08009-003)the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2007CB10920203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30971760)
文摘An es-t (early senescence-temporary) mutant, produced by ethylene methylsulfonate treatment of strain Nipponbare, was identified in rice. The leaves of es-t appeared yellow at the seedling stage, and had decreased chlorophyll content. Rust spots were found during growth in es-t, especially at the leaf margin and tip. The plants showed a typical early-senescence phenotype at the milky stage. The leaf surface of es-t appeared smoother than wild-type leaves under a scanning electron microscope, because the leaves lack siliceous protuberances around the stoma. Chloroplasts grow abnormally and are filled with many starch grains in es-t. Paraffin section analysis showed that the development of the sclerenchyma cells and vascular bundles were also abnormal in es-t. Genetic analysis indicated that es-t was controlled by a recessive gene, which was finely mapped to a 42-kb interval on chromosome 5. These results will facilitate the positional cloning and functional studies of the gene.
