Exploring the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the yield of semi-winter wheat is of great significance.This study aims to reveal the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the climate resources...Exploring the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the yield of semi-winter wheat is of great significance.This study aims to reveal the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the climate resources associated with wheat yield in the Rice–Wheat Rotation System.With six sowing dates,the experiments were carried out in Donghai and Jianhu counties,Jiangsu Province,China using two semi-winter wheat varieties as the objects of this study.The basic seedlings of the first sowing date (S1) were planted at 300×10^(4)plants ha^(-1),which was increased by 10%for each of the delayed sowing dates (S2–S6).The results showed that the delay of sowing date decreased the number of days,the effective accumulated temperature and the cumulative solar radiation in the whole growth period.The yields of S1 were higher than those of S2 to S6 by 0.22–0.31,0.5–0.78,0.86–0.98,1.14–1.38,and 1.36–1.59 t ha^(–1),respectively.For a given sowing date,the growth days increased as the ecological point was moved north,while both mean daily temperature and effective accumulative temperature decreased,but the cumulative radiation increased.As a result,the yields at Donghai County were 0.01–0.39 t ha–1lower than those of Jianhu County for the six sowing dates.The effective accumulative temperature and cumulative radiation both had significant positive correlations with yield.The average temperature was significantly negatively correlated with the yield.The decrease in grain yield was mainly due to the declines in grains per spike and 1 000-grain weight caused by the increase in the daily temperature and the decrease in the effective accumulative temperature.展开更多
Dry direct-seeded rice(DDR) sown using a multifunctional seeder that performs synchronous rotary tillage and sowing has received increased attention because it is highly efficient,relatively cheap,and environmentally ...Dry direct-seeded rice(DDR) sown using a multifunctional seeder that performs synchronous rotary tillage and sowing has received increased attention because it is highly efficient,relatively cheap,and environmentally friendly.However,this method of rice production may produce lower yields in a rice–wheat rotation system because of its poor seedling establishment.To address this problem,we performed field experiments to determine the rice yield at five seedling density levels(B1,B2,B3,B4,and B5=100,190,280,370,and 460 seedlings m-2,respectively) and clarify the physiological basis of yield formation.We selected a representative high-quality rice variety and a multifunctional seeder that used in a typical rice–wheat rotation area in 2016 and 2018.The proportion of main stem panicle increased with increasing seedling density.There was a parabolic relationship between yield and seedling density,and the maximum yield(9.34-9.47 t ha-1) was obtained under B3.The maximum yield was associated with a higher total spikelet number m-2 and greater biomass accumulation from heading to maturity.The higher total spikelet number m-2 under B3 was attributed to an increase in panicle number m-2 compared with B1 and B2.Although the panicle numbers also increased under B4 and B5,these increases were insufficient to compensate for the reduced spikelet numbers per panicle.Lower biomass,smaller leaf area,and lower N uptake per plant from the stem elongation stage to the heading stage were partially responsible for the smaller panicle size at higher seedling density levels such as B5.The higher biomass accumulation under B3 was ascribed to the increases in the photosynthetic rate of the top three leaves m-2 of land,crop growth rate,net assimilation rate,and leaf area index.Furthermore,the B3 rice population was marked by a higher grain–leaf ratio,as well as a lower export ratio and transport ratio of biomass per stem-sheath.A quadratic function predicted that 260-290 seedlings m-2 is the optimum seedling density for achieving maximum yield.Together,these results suggested that appropriately increasing the seedling density,and thereby increasing the proportion of panicles formed by the main stem,is an effective approach for obtaining a higher yield in DDR sown using a multifunctional seeder in a rice–wheat rotation system.展开更多
本试验为筛选适合优质丰产机插晚稻的最佳氮肥用量,以优质双季晚稻泰优398、黄华占、天优华占、美香新占4个品种为试验材料,在机插条件下设0、135、180、255 kg hm^–2四个施氮水平,测定产量构成及稻米品质指标。结果表明,适当增施氮肥...本试验为筛选适合优质丰产机插晚稻的最佳氮肥用量,以优质双季晚稻泰优398、黄华占、天优华占、美香新占4个品种为试验材料,在机插条件下设0、135、180、255 kg hm^–2四个施氮水平,测定产量构成及稻米品质指标。结果表明,适当增施氮肥可增加优质双季晚稻产量,施氮量为180kghm^–2时产量最高。除黄华占的整精米率外,施氮量为180 kg hm^–2时各品种的糙米率、精米率和整精米率最高。随施氮量的增加,机插优质双季晚稻的垩白粒率和垩白度降低,米粒长宽比变大,蛋白质含量和胶稠度均增加,直链淀粉含量减少;峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度逐渐下降,消减值增加,糊化温度呈上升趋势。适当增施氮肥可改善机插优质晚稻加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮和营养品质,但RVA特性有变劣趋势。180 kg hm^–2的施氮量可使机插优质双季晚稻优质和高产达到较好的协调统一。展开更多
以江苏优质食味水稻代表性品种南粳5055和南粳46为材料,在总施纯氮量为300 kg hm–2条件下,设置9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6共6种基蘖肥与穗肥比例运筹,探讨秸秆全量还田与不同氮肥运筹比例对机插优质食味水稻产量及稻米品质的...以江苏优质食味水稻代表性品种南粳5055和南粳46为材料,在总施纯氮量为300 kg hm–2条件下,设置9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6共6种基蘖肥与穗肥比例运筹,探讨秸秆全量还田与不同氮肥运筹比例对机插优质食味水稻产量及稻米品质的影响。结果表明,与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆全量还田具有显著的增产效应,南粳5055、南粳46平均增产5.04%、4.64%;随基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例下降,秸秆全量还田机插粳稻产量呈先增后减趋势,基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥比例为7∶3时,水稻产量最高。秸秆全量还田显著增加了稻米的蛋白质含量,降低了垩白率和垩白度,对改善稻米的外观品质和营养品质有一定作用。秸秆全量还田还有利于蒸煮食味品质的改善,显著提高稻米的崩解值和食味值,显著降低稻米的消减值。提高穗肥占总施氮量的比例可以显著改善稻米的加工和营养品质,提高整精米率,但同时增加了稻米垩白,降低了稻米外观品质,且稻米蒸煮食味品质也有所下降。展开更多
以常规粳稻南粳5055、南粳46为材料,在总施纯氮量为300 kg hm–2条件下,设置9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6共6种基蘖肥与穗肥比例,探讨秸秆全量还田条件下不同氮肥运筹对机插粳稻产量及氮素吸收利用特征的影响。结果表明,与秸秆...以常规粳稻南粳5055、南粳46为材料,在总施纯氮量为300 kg hm–2条件下,设置9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6共6种基蘖肥与穗肥比例,探讨秸秆全量还田条件下不同氮肥运筹对机插粳稻产量及氮素吸收利用特征的影响。结果表明,与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆全量还田具有显著的增产效应,南粳5055、南粳46平均增产5.04%、4.64%;随着基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例的下降,秸秆全量还田机插粳稻产量呈先增后减的趋势,基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥比例为7∶3时,水稻产量最高。相同氮肥运筹模式下,秸秆全量还田处理水稻拔节期及移栽至拔节阶段的群体干物质积累量均低于秸秆不还田处理,抽穗期、成熟期及拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的群体干物质积累量则高于秸秆不还田处理。氮肥运筹间表现为随基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例的下降,拔节期及移栽至拔节阶段的群体干物质积累量下降,而抽穗期、成熟期及拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的群体干物质积累量呈现先增后减的趋势。当基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥比例为7∶3时,秸秆全量还田条件下的水稻群体干物质积累量最高,经济系数也最高。秸秆全量还田水稻拔节前的氮素积累量低于秸秆不还田处理,拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的氮素积累量则高于秸秆不还田处理,秸秆全量还田处理的氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均高于秸秆不还田处理。不同氮肥运筹间表现为随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的下降,氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率及氮肥偏生产力均呈现先增后减的趋势,当基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥运筹比例为7∶3时最高。展开更多
Mechanical pot-seedling transplanting is an innovatively developed transplanting method that has the potential to replace mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting. However, the initial pot-seedling transplanting machi...Mechanical pot-seedling transplanting is an innovatively developed transplanting method that has the potential to replace mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting. However, the initial pot-seedling transplanting machine lacked optimized density spacing and limited yield potential for japonica rice. Therefore, ascertaining the optimized density by wide-narrow rows and the appropriate transplanting method for yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice is of great importance for high-quality rice production. Field experiments were conducted using two japonica rice cultivars Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5055 under three transplanting methods in 2016 and 2017: mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row(K, average row spacing of 30 cm);equidistant row(D, 33 cm×12 cm);and mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting(T, 30 cm×12.4 cm). In addition, five different density treatments were set in K(K1–K5, from 18.62×10~4 to 28.49×10~4 hills ha^(–1)). The results showed that the highest yield was produced by a planting density of 26.88×104 hills ha^(–1) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row with a greater number of total spikelets that resulted from significantly more panicles per area and slightly more grain number per panicle, as compared with equidistant row, and yield among density in wide-narrow row showed a parabolic trend. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, the treatment of the highest yield increased yield significantly, which was mainly attributed to the larger sink size with improved filled-grain percentage and grain weight, higher harvest index, and increased total dry matter accumulation, especially the larger amount accumulated from heading stage to maturity stage. With the density in wide-narrow row decreasing, processing quality, appearance quality, and nutrition quality were all improved, whereas amylose content and the taste value were decreased. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, mechanical pot-seedling transplanting improved processing quality and nutrition quality, but decreased amylose content and deteriorated appearance quality. These results suggested that mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row coupling produced a suitable planting density of 26.88×10~4 hills ha^(–1) and may be an alternative approach to improving grain yield and quality for japonica rice.展开更多
基金the Jiangsu Demonstration Project of Modern Agricultural Machinery Equipment and Technology, China (NJ2020-58, NJ2019-33, NJ2021-63)。
文摘Exploring the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the yield of semi-winter wheat is of great significance.This study aims to reveal the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the climate resources associated with wheat yield in the Rice–Wheat Rotation System.With six sowing dates,the experiments were carried out in Donghai and Jianhu counties,Jiangsu Province,China using two semi-winter wheat varieties as the objects of this study.The basic seedlings of the first sowing date (S1) were planted at 300×10^(4)plants ha^(-1),which was increased by 10%for each of the delayed sowing dates (S2–S6).The results showed that the delay of sowing date decreased the number of days,the effective accumulated temperature and the cumulative solar radiation in the whole growth period.The yields of S1 were higher than those of S2 to S6 by 0.22–0.31,0.5–0.78,0.86–0.98,1.14–1.38,and 1.36–1.59 t ha^(–1),respectively.For a given sowing date,the growth days increased as the ecological point was moved north,while both mean daily temperature and effective accumulative temperature decreased,but the cumulative radiation increased.As a result,the yields at Donghai County were 0.01–0.39 t ha–1lower than those of Jianhu County for the six sowing dates.The effective accumulative temperature and cumulative radiation both had significant positive correlations with yield.The average temperature was significantly negatively correlated with the yield.The decrease in grain yield was mainly due to the declines in grains per spike and 1 000-grain weight caused by the increase in the daily temperature and the decrease in the effective accumulative temperature.
基金the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund, China (CX(20)1012)the Jiangsu Demonstration Project of Modern Agricultural Machinery Equipment and Technology, China (NJ2020-58)+3 种基金the Jiangsu Technical System of Rice Industry, China (JATS[2020]432)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300503)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-01-27)the Yangzhou University Scientific Research and Innovation Program, China (XKYCX20_022)。
文摘Dry direct-seeded rice(DDR) sown using a multifunctional seeder that performs synchronous rotary tillage and sowing has received increased attention because it is highly efficient,relatively cheap,and environmentally friendly.However,this method of rice production may produce lower yields in a rice–wheat rotation system because of its poor seedling establishment.To address this problem,we performed field experiments to determine the rice yield at five seedling density levels(B1,B2,B3,B4,and B5=100,190,280,370,and 460 seedlings m-2,respectively) and clarify the physiological basis of yield formation.We selected a representative high-quality rice variety and a multifunctional seeder that used in a typical rice–wheat rotation area in 2016 and 2018.The proportion of main stem panicle increased with increasing seedling density.There was a parabolic relationship between yield and seedling density,and the maximum yield(9.34-9.47 t ha-1) was obtained under B3.The maximum yield was associated with a higher total spikelet number m-2 and greater biomass accumulation from heading to maturity.The higher total spikelet number m-2 under B3 was attributed to an increase in panicle number m-2 compared with B1 and B2.Although the panicle numbers also increased under B4 and B5,these increases were insufficient to compensate for the reduced spikelet numbers per panicle.Lower biomass,smaller leaf area,and lower N uptake per plant from the stem elongation stage to the heading stage were partially responsible for the smaller panicle size at higher seedling density levels such as B5.The higher biomass accumulation under B3 was ascribed to the increases in the photosynthetic rate of the top three leaves m-2 of land,crop growth rate,net assimilation rate,and leaf area index.Furthermore,the B3 rice population was marked by a higher grain–leaf ratio,as well as a lower export ratio and transport ratio of biomass per stem-sheath.A quadratic function predicted that 260-290 seedlings m-2 is the optimum seedling density for achieving maximum yield.Together,these results suggested that appropriately increasing the seedling density,and thereby increasing the proportion of panicles formed by the main stem,is an effective approach for obtaining a higher yield in DDR sown using a multifunctional seeder in a rice–wheat rotation system.
文摘本试验为筛选适合优质丰产机插晚稻的最佳氮肥用量,以优质双季晚稻泰优398、黄华占、天优华占、美香新占4个品种为试验材料,在机插条件下设0、135、180、255 kg hm^–2四个施氮水平,测定产量构成及稻米品质指标。结果表明,适当增施氮肥可增加优质双季晚稻产量,施氮量为180kghm^–2时产量最高。除黄华占的整精米率外,施氮量为180 kg hm^–2时各品种的糙米率、精米率和整精米率最高。随施氮量的增加,机插优质双季晚稻的垩白粒率和垩白度降低,米粒长宽比变大,蛋白质含量和胶稠度均增加,直链淀粉含量减少;峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度逐渐下降,消减值增加,糊化温度呈上升趋势。适当增施氮肥可改善机插优质晚稻加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮和营养品质,但RVA特性有变劣趋势。180 kg hm^–2的施氮量可使机插优质双季晚稻优质和高产达到较好的协调统一。
文摘以江苏优质食味水稻代表性品种南粳5055和南粳46为材料,在总施纯氮量为300 kg hm–2条件下,设置9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6共6种基蘖肥与穗肥比例运筹,探讨秸秆全量还田与不同氮肥运筹比例对机插优质食味水稻产量及稻米品质的影响。结果表明,与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆全量还田具有显著的增产效应,南粳5055、南粳46平均增产5.04%、4.64%;随基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例下降,秸秆全量还田机插粳稻产量呈先增后减趋势,基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥比例为7∶3时,水稻产量最高。秸秆全量还田显著增加了稻米的蛋白质含量,降低了垩白率和垩白度,对改善稻米的外观品质和营养品质有一定作用。秸秆全量还田还有利于蒸煮食味品质的改善,显著提高稻米的崩解值和食味值,显著降低稻米的消减值。提高穗肥占总施氮量的比例可以显著改善稻米的加工和营养品质,提高整精米率,但同时增加了稻米垩白,降低了稻米外观品质,且稻米蒸煮食味品质也有所下降。
文摘以常规粳稻南粳5055、南粳46为材料,在总施纯氮量为300 kg hm–2条件下,设置9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6共6种基蘖肥与穗肥比例,探讨秸秆全量还田条件下不同氮肥运筹对机插粳稻产量及氮素吸收利用特征的影响。结果表明,与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆全量还田具有显著的增产效应,南粳5055、南粳46平均增产5.04%、4.64%;随着基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例的下降,秸秆全量还田机插粳稻产量呈先增后减的趋势,基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥比例为7∶3时,水稻产量最高。相同氮肥运筹模式下,秸秆全量还田处理水稻拔节期及移栽至拔节阶段的群体干物质积累量均低于秸秆不还田处理,抽穗期、成熟期及拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的群体干物质积累量则高于秸秆不还田处理。氮肥运筹间表现为随基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例的下降,拔节期及移栽至拔节阶段的群体干物质积累量下降,而抽穗期、成熟期及拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的群体干物质积累量呈现先增后减的趋势。当基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥比例为7∶3时,秸秆全量还田条件下的水稻群体干物质积累量最高,经济系数也最高。秸秆全量还田水稻拔节前的氮素积累量低于秸秆不还田处理,拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的氮素积累量则高于秸秆不还田处理,秸秆全量还田处理的氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均高于秸秆不还田处理。不同氮肥运筹间表现为随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的下降,氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率及氮肥偏生产力均呈现先增后减的趋势,当基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥运筹比例为7∶3时最高。
基金funded by the National Key Research Program of China(2016YFD0300503)the Key Research Program of Jiangsu Province,China(BE2016344 and BE2018355)the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China。
文摘Mechanical pot-seedling transplanting is an innovatively developed transplanting method that has the potential to replace mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting. However, the initial pot-seedling transplanting machine lacked optimized density spacing and limited yield potential for japonica rice. Therefore, ascertaining the optimized density by wide-narrow rows and the appropriate transplanting method for yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice is of great importance for high-quality rice production. Field experiments were conducted using two japonica rice cultivars Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5055 under three transplanting methods in 2016 and 2017: mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row(K, average row spacing of 30 cm);equidistant row(D, 33 cm×12 cm);and mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting(T, 30 cm×12.4 cm). In addition, five different density treatments were set in K(K1–K5, from 18.62×10~4 to 28.49×10~4 hills ha^(–1)). The results showed that the highest yield was produced by a planting density of 26.88×104 hills ha^(–1) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row with a greater number of total spikelets that resulted from significantly more panicles per area and slightly more grain number per panicle, as compared with equidistant row, and yield among density in wide-narrow row showed a parabolic trend. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, the treatment of the highest yield increased yield significantly, which was mainly attributed to the larger sink size with improved filled-grain percentage and grain weight, higher harvest index, and increased total dry matter accumulation, especially the larger amount accumulated from heading stage to maturity stage. With the density in wide-narrow row decreasing, processing quality, appearance quality, and nutrition quality were all improved, whereas amylose content and the taste value were decreased. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, mechanical pot-seedling transplanting improved processing quality and nutrition quality, but decreased amylose content and deteriorated appearance quality. These results suggested that mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row coupling produced a suitable planting density of 26.88×10~4 hills ha^(–1) and may be an alternative approach to improving grain yield and quality for japonica rice.
