Influence of Cathode Modification by Chitosan and Fe^(3+)on the Electrochemical Performance of Marine Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell

The electrochemical performances of cathode play a key role in the marine sediment microbial fuel cells(MSMFCs)as a long lasting power source to drive instruments,especially when the dissolved oxygen concentration is very low in seawater.A CTS-Fe^(3+)modified cathode is prepared here by grafting chitosan(CTS)on a carbon fiber surface and then chelating Fe^(3+)through the coordination process.The electrochemical performance in seawater and the output power of the assembled MSMFCs are both studied.The results show that the exchange current densities of CTS and the CTS-Fe^(3+)group are 5.5 and 6.2 times higher than that of the blank group,respectively.The potential of the CTS-Fe^(3+)modified cathode increases by 138 mV.The output power of the fuel cell(613.0 mW m^(-2))assembled with CTS-Fe^(3+)is 54 times larger than that of the blank group(11.4 mW m^(-2))and the current output corresponding with the maximum power output also increases by 56 times.Due to the valence conversion between Fe^(3+)and Fe^(2+)on the modified cathode,the kinetic activity of the dissolved oxygen reduction is accelerated and the depolarization capability of the cathode is enhanced,resulting higher cell power.On the basis of this study,the new cathode materials will be encouraged to design with the complex of iron ion in natural seawater as the catalysis for oxygen reduction to improve the cell power in deep sea.

扬子江城市群工业能源碳排放与经济增长脱钩水平及驱动因素

扬子江城市群地处长江经济带的下游重要门户地区,是江苏省"1+3"重点功能区发展的龙头引擎,打造扬子江城市群的绿色生态走廊对建设"强富美高"新江苏和落实长江大保护均具有重要战略意义。论文聚焦扬子江城市群工业能源碳排放脱钩及其驱动因素分析,研究得出:1)扬子江城市群整体工业碳排放量呈现波动上升的变化趋势,其中南京市和苏州市的碳排放增量明显大于其他城市;2)扬子江城市群工业能源碳排放脱钩大致经历了扩张连接、强脱钩以及弱脱钩3个阶段,整体上脱钩水平逐渐提高,但稳定性不高,各城市工业能源碳排放脱钩水平差异较大,但在逐步优化中;3)从驱动因素看,碳排放强度效应和能源强度效应对脱钩水平有促进作用,工业经济规模效应、区域经济比重和能源结构则相反。基于此,论文提出加强低碳城市试点建设、探索构建全域碳权交易市场、调整优化能源结构、推动科技创新等建议,以促进扬子江城市群工业建设高质量发展。

Heavy metals in Changjiang estuarine and offshore sediments:responding to human activities

The Changjiang （Yangtze） estuarine and offshore sediments were analyzed for total heavy metals concentrations and chemical fractions. Distributions of heavy metals show typical banded diffusion pattern, with high concentrations near the river mouth and following a decreasing trend in the offshore direction. According to chemical fractions, Fe/Mn oxide fraction is the major non-residual fraction in the Changjiang estuarine and offshore sediments, Higher percentage of non-residual fraction of Pb implies that, the industrial contaminations transported via the atmosphere and river input, may affect the non-residual fraction of heavy metals. Over past fifteen years, the concentration of Pb normalizing to A1 presents significant increasing trend, corresponding to the effect of human activities. By comparison of heavy metals fractions in 2003 to 2006, it has been realized that increasing water and sediment may cause a higher percentage non-residual fraction of Cu in the southern part of offshore muddy sediments.

双洞隧道下穿施工引起既有隧道沉降的计算方法

新建地铁隧道近距离下穿既有线为特级风险工程,正确分析既有线变形是目前地下工程领域中的热点问题。基于前人研究成果,运用叠加原理,推导出新建地铁双洞隧道下穿施工引起既有隧道沉降的计算公式,并以北京地铁12号线一拟建双洞隧道下穿既有车站工程为例,通过有限元模拟验证了该公式在北京地区类似工程中预测沉降的可行性。通过改变新建双洞隧道中心线间距和新建隧道与既有结构之间纵向净距分析最大沉降,得出了下穿工程中双洞隧道最优间距的确定原则和沉降曲线的变化规律。

Heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang(Yangtze) Estuary

In order to discuss the content distributions and fluxes of heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang （Yangtze） Estuary, the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni） have been analyzed. During a tidal cycle, the average contents of heavy metals are in the order of Zn〉Ni〉Pb〉Co〉〉Cd. The average contents in ebb tide are generally higher than that in flood tide. However, at the inshore Sta. 11, influenced by the contamination from the nearby waste treatment plant, the average contents of Zn and Ni in flood tide are higher than those in ebb fide and at the offshore Sta. 10, the content of Cd in flood tide higher than that in ebb tide due to marine-derived materials. The five heavy metals, mainly terrigenous, are transported towards east-northeast, and settle down with suspended matters in the area between Sta. 11 and Sta. 10. Influenced by marine-derived materials, the flux value of Cd does not alter significantly with obviously changing in flux direction towards northwest. The source of heavy metals, the salinity of water and the concentration of suspended matters are the main factors controlling the content distributions of heavy metals during a tidal cycle. There is a positive correlation between the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Co and Ni） and the salinity of water, while the opposite correlation between the contents and the concentrations of suspended matters. Because of marine-derived materials, the content of Cd is not correlated with the concentration of suspended matters and the salinity of water.

Humic Acid and Iron Chelation Modified Anode Improves the Electrochemical Performance of Marine Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell

Marine sediment microbial fuel cell(MSMFCs)can be utilized as a long lasting power source to drive small instruments to work for long time on ocean floor and its higher power has a significant meaning for practical application.Anode modification can greatly improve the performance of MSMFCs.Herein,humic acid(HA)and humic acid-iron ion complex(HA-Fe)were used to modify the anode for constructing a better MSMFCs.The results indicated that HA-Fe modified anode,better than HA modification,significantly improved the MSMFCs cell power output.The maximum power density of HA-Fe modified MSMFCs is 165.3 mW m−2,which are 6.5-folds of blank MSMFCs.The number of microorganisms on anode,redox activity,and relative kinetic activity were 1.8-,6.1-,and 13.1-folds of blank MSMFCs,respectively.The MSMFCs improvement would be attributed to the electron transfer media of HA and the valence conversion of Fe ions.A synergistic interaction between the naturally occurring HA and Fe ions on the anodic surface in marine sediments would make the modified anodes have‘renewable’characteristics,which is beneficial for the MSMFCs to maintain its long-term higher power.