五台山不同海拔林线森林斑块内草本群落与表层土壤特征

该文选择五台山4个海拔梯度(2200 m、2250 m、2300 m、2350 m)的林线森林斑块为样地,对其林下的草本层和表层土壤(0~10 cm)进行野外调查取样和室内实验研究,运用指数、单因素方差分析、PERMANOVA分析、PCoA排序以及Pearson相关和Spearman秩相关进行分析.主要结果有:(i)在林线森林斑块内草本群落物种多样性在样地间差异不显著,但草本群落差异性显著受海拔梯度的影响.海拔2350 m和2300 m的2个样地群落物种组成相似性最小且群落相似性最小,海拔2300~2350 m引起了草本群落较大的变化.而海拔2250 m和2200 m的2个样地群落物种组成相似性最大,且群落相似性中等.推测海拔2200~2250 m的变化引起了物种地位的变化;(ii)单因素方差分析表明表层土壤pH值、全氮、全磷和全硫在不同海拔的林线森林斑块内呈显著变化,秩和检验结果表明有机碳在海拔梯度间变化不显著,全氮、全硫和有机碳的变化随海拔升高而增大;(iii)Pearson相关和Spearman秩相关的研究结果表明,土壤pH值与全氮、全硫、全磷和有机碳呈显著负相关,全氮、全硫、全磷和有机碳之间大多数呈显著正相关,这些土壤理化性质与植物多样性的相关性不显著.研究发现:在林线森林斑块内草本群落的海拔间变异受土壤理化性质的影响不显著,受海拔影响显著但变化趋势波动性较大,这可能与放牧和其他环境因子的影响有关,需设置更严格的控制实验来进一步分析.

五台山林线过渡带华北落叶松格局过程和尺度分析

林线过渡带作为气候变化的预警区,有很重要的研究意义,林线过渡带中人工林的生存与发展对自然保护区景观生态系统影响显著。选取五台山林线内占绝对分布优势的华北落叶松为研究对象。设置50m×50m样地,随机选取5个10m×10m样方进行群落物种信息收集,对乔木的胸径和位置信息进行调查,利用点格局方法和CSR(完全空间随机模型)、HP(空间异质性过程模型)、RL(随机标签模型)对华北落叶松的活立木和枯立木的格局过程进行0—25m尺度上的分析,结果发现:活的华北落叶松平均胸径在11.54cm,死的华北落叶松平均胸径是8.27cm,这个对于30年以上华北落叶松来说胸径值偏小,其生长慢的特点是和林线这个生境特点相适应的。华北落叶松枯立木的聚块很大,在0—15m上都是聚集分布;活立木聚块小出现在0—3m、和21m上。空间异质性过程模型模拟的格局与活立木实际格局差异检验不显著,说明空间异质性可以很好解释活立木格局的成因。随机标签模型模拟结果表明现有活立木和枯立木只在21m附近出现负相关,主要是负密度制约效应是导致的华北落叶松死亡的主要原因,而且对幼苗到幼树的影响最大。同时推测灌木和华北落叶松幼苗和幼树的种间相关作用与其死亡也有一定关系。

Point pattern analysis of different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Luya Mountain Reserve,Shanxi Province,China

Larix principis-rupprechtii forest is an important vegetation formation and has a large distribution area in Luya Mountain Reserve,China.Spatial pattern analysis on individual trees in different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii was made in this paper.Here,we employed the technique of point pattern analysis,which could analyze pat-terns under all scales along a gradient.It was based on spatial mapped points of individual distribution.The results of this study showed that the densities of the five age-classes varied in the order:age-class 3>age-class 4>age-class 5>age-class 2>age-class 1.Although age-classes 1 and 2 have much fewer individuals than other three age-classes do,the popula-tion was stable at present.However,it would be necessary to take some measures for improving population regeneration for a long-time view.The individuals of all age-classes focused on clumping distribution in space;however,their distribution pattern varied with the change of scale.This mainly depended on biological features of Larix principis-rupprechtii and forest environments,but it also meant that the scale was an important factor in controlling spatial distribution pattern of tree individuals.The feature of clumping distribution became more significant with the increase of age.The relationships between individuals in different age-classes were almost all significantly correlated with each other.These associations became more significant within the older age-classes.This suggested that the individuals of different age-classes were interdistributed,by which the population could get benefits in resource utilization.The technique of point pattern analysis is effective and easy to be used in species pattern study.Its results are more closer to the reality,especially for community structure.

Two-dimensional pattern analysis on dominant species and community in subalpine meadow of Luya Mountain,Shanxi Province,China

The spatial pattern analysis of population and community is important to understand community structure and has become one key topic in modern plant ecology.There are many techniques for analyzing one-dimensional pattern in ecological literature.Two-dimensional pattern analysis is better than one-dimensional analysis in the study on commu-nity spatial characteristics and structure.However,it is hard to analyze these two-dimensional patterns due to poor effective methodology.The two-dimensional sampling using two transects that meet at right angles was applied to get quadrat data in this work.And then the data from the two transects were analyzed separately by one-dimensional pattern analysis method,two-term local quadrat variance.The length,width,and area of patches at different scales of pattern for populations were obtained from the analysis.For community pattern,detrended correspondence analysis(DCA)was employed to summarize the species information firstly,and then the first DCA axis scores were analyzed to check its pattern.The application of this method to the pattern analysis on dominant populations and community for subalpine meadow(Comm.Polygonum viviparum+Carex rigescens+Kobresia bellardii)in the Luya mountains showed that it could release the characteristics of spatial pattern clearly and was a very effective technique.The method is easy to use and saves time with obvious advantages,compared with the two-dimensional pattern analysis methods presented in the litera-tures.In the study meadow,the patterns of the main dominant species,Polygonum viviparum,Carex rigescens,and Kobresia bellardii,were apparent and comparatively regular in shape with large areas of patches at the same scale compared with other species such as Festuca sp.and Thalictrum petaloideum.There were two or three scales of patterns for each plant population studied.This was related to population features,the interaction with environmental factors,and their dominant position in the community.The two scales of patterns for the meadow community were clear.The pattern of community was closely correlated with that of the main dominant species.The patches of dominant species were inter-distributed and overlapped,and formed the community pattern together.This is beneficial for utilization of resources,and keeping the community stable.