2017年江苏省PM_(2.5)数值模拟及内外源解析

根据江苏省72个国控点监测数据,采用了区域大气模式和多尺度空气质量模式系统(RAMS-CMAQ)模拟了2017年江苏省ρ(PM_(2.5))的时空分布,耦合综合源追踪算法(ISAM)分析了不同地区排放源对ρ(PM_(2.5))的贡献特征。结果表明,PM_(2.5)模拟与观测值的相关系数(r)=0.76,标准平均偏差(NMB)=5.2%,均方根误差(RMSE)=23.4μg/m_(3),模拟结果落于观测结果0.5~2倍的比例(FAC2)=84.2%。源追踪模块结果显示,夏季主要受东南风控制,本地排放的贡献更大(省内贡献为52.34%),其他季节受偏北风输送影响,外源输送的影响较大(省外贡献为53.48%~56.84%);冬季苏北5市的排放贡献比沿江8市的更大,而春、夏季沿江8市排放贡献较大。

Simulated seasonal variations in nitrogen wet deposition over East Asia

近20年来我国的酸雨和酸沉降分布发生了较大变化,其中一个重要变化是硝酸根离子明显增加,这主要是氮氧化物排放增加所导致的。为了评估氮氧化物排放对酸雨和酸沉降的影响,本文利用区域大气化学模式RAMS-CMAQ模拟分析了东亚地区氮氧化物排放、输送和化学转化过程以及降水时空变化对氮氧化物和氮沉降量时空分布的影响,并借助于中国气象台站和东亚酸沉降监测网的观测数据评估了模式结果的合理性。模拟结果显示,东亚地区氮湿沉降的季节变化十分显著,氮湿沉降通量在1~18 kg N ha^(-1) yr^(-1)之间;春夏两季湿沉降占全年的71%,其中夏季占42.7%。

Numerical Simulation of CO_2 Concentrations in East Asia with RAMS-CMAQ

The regional air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality) was developed by incorporating a vegetation photosynthesis and respiration module(VPRM) and used to simulate temporal-spatial variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations in East Asia,with prescribed surface CO2 fluxes(i.e.,fossil fuel emission,biomass burning,sea-air CO2 exchange,and terrestrial biosphere CO2 flux).Comparison of modeled CO2 mixing ratios with eight ground-based in-situ measurements demonstrated that the model was able to capture most observed CO2 temporal-spatial features.Simulated CO2 concentrations were generally in good agreement with observed concentrations.Results indicated that the accumulated impacts of anthropogenic emissions contributed more to increased CO2 concentrations in urban regions relative to remote locations.Moreover,RAMS-CMAQ analysis demonstrates that surface CO2 concentrations in East Asia are strongly influenced by terrestrial ecosystems.

Elemental Composition of Atmospheric Particles in Winter at Datong City, Shanxi Province, China, and Its Impact on Beijing

Atmospheric particle samples were collected at an urban site of Datong, Shanxi Province, during December 2004 and their element concentrations at different sizes were analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Analysis of the observation data showed that particle pollution was heavy in winter at Datong and that concentrations of most elements were high in the coarse range. Factor analysis (FA) results indicated that the soil and dust, coal combustion dust, and industry dust are main sources for atmospheric particles in winter at Datong. The enrichment factors of element concentrations showed that particle pollution at Datong impacts the down-wind region-Beijing-in the dust season.

Model analysis of secondary organic aerosol over China with a regional air quality modeling system(RAMS-CMAQ)

为了研究我国二次有机气溶胶(SOA)时空分布及其主要组分,更新了RAMS-CMAQ的SOA模块,主要考虑SOA老化,不同NOx浓度下SOA的形成以及异戊二烯和倍半萜烯生成SOA的机制。结果表明,SOA在我国中东部地区浓度较高而在西部则较低。高SOA覆盖两块区域:京津冀到长江中游及四川盆地到我国西南边界,但对有机气溶胶(OA)的贡献不到10%,低SOA主要出现在青藏高原,占OA的20%–30%。值得注意的是,冬季人为源前体物对SOA的贡献显著,在中东部地区可达50%–80%。在北京,人为源SOA主要前体物是甲苯和二甲苯而单萜烯则是生物源SOA主要前体物。SOA的老化部分超过57%,这可能是SOA消光增强的原因。

Analysis of the Attenuation Characteristics of an Elastic Wave Due to the Wave-Induced Fluid Flow in Fractured Porous Media

A theoretical model is presented to describe the elastic wave propagation characteristics in porous media of periodically arranged fractures. The effects of fracture geometric parameters on a compressional wave （p-wave） are considered through analysis of the wave induced fluid flow （WIFF） process between the fractures and the background media. The diffusion equation in porous media is used to reveal how the entire diffusion process affects the wave propagation. When the thickness proportion of fractures tends to 0 and 1, the WIFF does not take place almost between fractures and background matrix porosity, and therefore the media elasticity modulus is perfectly elastic. When the fracture thickness fraction achieves a certain value, the peak of the attenuation curve reaches the maximum value at a particular frequency, which is controlled by the fluid mass conservation and stress continuity conditions on each fracture boundary. That is, the inter-coupling of fluid diffusion between the adjacent layers is important for waves attenuation. Physically speaking, the dissipation of a wave is associated with the fluid flux essentially.

Model Analysis of the Anthropogenic Aerosol Effect on Clouds over East Asia

A coupled meteorology and aerosol/chemistry model WRF-Chem(Weather Research and Forecast model coupled with Chemistry) was used to conduct a pair of simulations with present-day(PD) and preindustrial(PI) emissions over East Asia to examine the aerosol indirect effect on clouds.As a result of an increase in aerosols in January,the cloud droplet number increased by 650 cm-3 over the ocean and East China,400 cm-3 over Central and Southwest China,and less than 200 cm-3 over North China.The cloud liquid water path(LWP) increased by 40-60 g m-2 over the ocean and Southeast China and 30 g m-2 over Central China;the LWP increased less than 5 g m-2 or decreased by 5 g m-2 over North China.The effective radius(Re) decreased by more than 4 μm over Southwest,Central,and Southeast China and 2μm over North China.In July,variations in cloud properties were more uniform;the cloud droplet number increased by approximately 250-400 cm-3,the LWP increased by approximately 30-50 g m-2,and Re decreased by approximately 3 ?m over most regions of China.In response to cloud property changes from PI to PD,shortwave(SW) cloud radiative forcing strengthened by 30 W m-2 over the ocean and 10 W m-2 over Southeast China,and it weakened slightly by approximately 2-10 W m-2 over Central and Southwest China in January.In July,SW cloud radiative forcing strengthened by 15 W m-2 over Southeast and North China and weakened by 10 W m-2 over Central China.The different responses of SW cloud radiative forcing in different regions was related to cloud feedbacks and natural variability.

Development of RAMS-CMAQ to Simulate Aerosol Optical Depth and Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing and Its Application to East Asia

The air quality modeling system RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)-CMAQ (Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality) is developed to simulate the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol direct forcing (DF). The aerosol-specific extinction, single scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor are parameterized based on Mie theory taking into account the aerosol size distribution, composition, refractive index, and water uptake of solution particles. A two-stream solar radiative model considers all gaseous molecular absorption, Rayleigh scattering, and aerosols and clouds. RAMSCMAQ is applied to simulate all major aerosol concentrations (e.g., sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic carbon, black carbon, fine soil, and sea salt) and AOD and DF over East Asia in 2005. To evaluate its performance, the simulated AOD values were compared with ground-based in situ measurements. The comparison shows that RAMSCMAQ performed well in most of the model domain and generally captured the observed variations. High AOD values (0.2 1.0) mainly appear in the Sichuan Basin as well as in central and southeastern China. The geographic distribution of DF generally follows the AOD distribution patterns, and the DF at the top-of-the-atmosphere is less than 25 and 20 W m 2 in clear-sky and all-sky over the Sichuan Basin. Both AOD and DF exhibit seasonal variations with lower values in July and higher ones in January The DF could obviously be impacted by high cloud fractions.

Assessment of the regional source contributions to PM_(2.5) mass concentration in Beijing

将先进的在线源追踪模拟模块ISAM与空气质量模式系统RAMS-CMAQ耦合,对2015年7月华北地区主要气溶胶物种(硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐、黑碳、有机碳、沙尘和海盐)进行模拟,并且深入探讨了不同地区排放源对PM_(2.5)质量浓度的贡献特征。模拟结果显示PM。2.5质量浓度高值主要出现在河北省南部和山东省西部北京和天津市的排放源对PM_(2.5)质量浓度的贡献主要集中在本地,而河北和山东省则为华北地区PM_(2.5)质量浓度的主要贡献者。就北京市而言,由于近年执行了多项减排措施,目前该地区的本地贡献占20%-30%。而河北和山东省是北京市PM_(2.5)的主要区域传输贡献者,分别可超过25%和10%。此外,在污染背景下周边地区传输贡献的比重更大。当空气质量恶化时,河北和山东省的传输贡献比例均有所提升。因此,建议在污染期间,应重点基于对区域尺度的排放源开展协同控制,制定综合的减排措施方可进一步降低北京市的PM_(2.5)质量浓度。

Assessment of Individual Direct Radiative Effects of Major Aerosol Species in East Asia

To assess individual direct radiative effects of diverse aerosol species on a regional scale,the air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and Community Multiscale Air Quality) coupled with an aerosol optical properties/radiative transfer module was used to simulate the temporal and spatial distributions of their optical and radiative properties over East Asia throughout 2005.Annual and seasonal averaged aerosol direct radiative forcing(ADRF) of all important aerosols and individual components,such as sulfate,nitrate,ammonium,black carbon(BC),organic carbon(OC),and dust at top-of-atmosphere(TOA) in clear sky are analyzed.Analysis of the model results shows that the annual average ADRF of all important aerosols was in the range of 0 to-18 W m?2,with the maximum values mainly distributed over the Sichuan Basin.The direct radiative effects of sulfate,nitrate,and ammonium make up most of the total ADRF in East Asia,being concentrated mainly over North and Southeast China.The model domain is also divided into seven regions based on different administrative regions or countries to investigate detailed information about regional ADRF variations over East Asia.The model results show that the ADRFs of sulfate,ammonium,BC,and OC were stronger in summer and weaker in winter over most regions of East Asia,except over Southeast Asia.The seasonal variation in the ADRF of nitrate exhibited the opposite trend.A strong ADRF of dust mainly appeared in spring over Northwest China and Mongolia.