探究全膜覆土种植和施肥水平对半干旱区旱地苦荞土壤耗水特征和产量的影响,于2015—2017年连续3年进行定位试验,全膜覆土种植方式下,设置高量(N 120 kg hm^(-2)+P_(2)O_(5)90 kg hm^(-2)+K2O 60 kg hm^(-2),HF)、中量(N 80 kg hm^(-2)+P...探究全膜覆土种植和施肥水平对半干旱区旱地苦荞土壤耗水特征和产量的影响,于2015—2017年连续3年进行定位试验,全膜覆土种植方式下,设置高量(N 120 kg hm^(-2)+P_(2)O_(5)90 kg hm^(-2)+K2O 60 kg hm^(-2),HF)、中量(N 80 kg hm^(-2)+P_(2)O_(5)60 kg hm^(-2)+K2O 40 kg hm^(-2),MF)、低量(N 40 kg hm^(-2)+P_(2)O_(5)30 kg hm^(-2)+K2O 20 kg hm^(-2),LF)和零施肥(ZF),以传统露地种植不施肥为CK,共5个处理,以明确全膜覆土种植和施肥对半干旱区苦荞的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,苦荞全膜覆土种植后集雨保墒效果明显,能够改善土壤水分环境,增加花前贮水,LF能够根据不同降水年型和土壤水分状况调控苦荞花前花后土壤耗水,在干旱年LF较ZF、MF、HF、CK能够提高苦荞花后土壤贮水量2.8~23.5 mm,增加花前0~100 cm土层土壤剖面水分耗散量26.3~32.4 mm,增加生育期总耗水量44.5 mm,提高耗水模系数、耗水强度,显著增加成熟期干物质量1.2%~58.8%、灌浆期叶面积指数4.1%~68.5%,增加单株粒重1.6%~61.6%,提高籽粒饱满率0.6%~29.2%,增加生物量1.1%~182.5%,提高产量1.1%~130.4%,提高水分利用效率0.3%~102.7%。可见,旱地苦荞全膜覆土种植低量施肥处理贮水效果明显,能够达到水肥耦合作用,且能够根据降水等环境条件调控植株生育期耗水,显著提高苦荞生物产量、产量和水分利用效率,是适宜于半干旱区苦荞增产增效的栽培模式。展开更多
Two pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of root pruning at the stem elongation stage on non-hydraulic root-sourced signals (nHRS), drought tolerance and water use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticu...Two pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of root pruning at the stem elongation stage on non-hydraulic root-sourced signals (nHRS), drought tolerance and water use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). The root pruning significantly reduced the root weight of wheat, but had no effect on root/shoot ratio at the two tested stages. At booting stage, specific root respiration of root pruned plants was significantly higher than those with intact roots (1.06 and 0.94 mmol g-1 s-1, respectively). The soil water content (SWC) at which nHRS for root pruned plants appeared was higher and terminated lower than for intact root plants, the threshold range of nHRS was markedly greater for root pruned plants (61.1-44.6% field water capacity) than for intact root plants (57.9-46.1% field water capacity). At flowering stage, while there was no significant difference in specific root respiration. The SWCs at which nHRS appeared and terminated were both higher for root pruned plants than for intact root plants. The values of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, i.e., the effective photosystem II quantum yield (F PS II ), the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS II (F v /F m ), coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP), and coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), in root pruned plants were significantly higher than in intact root plants, 7 d after withholding of water. Root pruned plants had significantly higher water use efficiency (WUE) than intact root plants in well-watered and medium drought soil, but not in severe drought condition. In addition, root pruning had no significant effect on grain yield in well-watered and medium drought soil, but significantly decreased grain yield in severe drought condition. In conclusion, the current study showed that root pruning significantly altered nHRS sensitivity and improved WUE of winter wheat in well-watered and medium drought soil, but lowered drought tolerance of winter wheat in severe drought soil. This suggests a possible direction of drought- resistance breeding and potential agricultural measure to improve WUE of winter wheat under semiarid conditions.展开更多
探明深旋松耕作技术(VRT)对西北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯阶段性耗水、个体和群体生长状况、产量、水分利用效率和经济收益的影响,可为寻求抗旱增产、资源高效利用的耕作方法提供依据.本研究采用随机区组设计,于2016和2017年设置旋耕15 cm...探明深旋松耕作技术(VRT)对西北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯阶段性耗水、个体和群体生长状况、产量、水分利用效率和经济收益的影响,可为寻求抗旱增产、资源高效利用的耕作方法提供依据.本研究采用随机区组设计,于2016和2017年设置旋耕15 cm (TT)、深松40cm (DLT)、深旋松耕40 cm (VRT) 3种耕作方式,测定马铃薯不同生育时期0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量、叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数、植株干物质量和产量等指标,计算阶段耗水量、水分利用效率(WUE)、商品率、商品产量、纯收益和新增收益等指标,探究深旋松耕作对马铃薯生产效率和经济效益的影响.结果表明:与TT和DLT相比,VRT能显著促进马铃薯在盛花期和块茎膨大期的耗水,2016和2017年分别较DLT、TT增加了46.7、35.7和27.2、47.3 mm.由于VRT促进马铃薯耗水,叶片SPAD值、干物质量和叶面积指数均显著提高,证明它能促进马铃薯个体和群体发育.基于较高的个体和群体生长量,VRT的马铃薯块茎产量显著提高,分别在2016和2017年较DLT和TT增加了156.8%、47.8%和24.8%、41.0%,WUE相应地提高了92.3%、19.2%和18.9%、26.6%.深旋松耕作使马铃薯商品薯产量显著增加,纯收益和新增纯收益显著提高,在2016和2017年分别达到12631.9、11019.1和29498.3、18245.5元·hm-2.深旋松耕作促进马铃薯花期和块茎膨大期耗水,使马铃薯叶片SPAD值、干物质量和叶面积指数显著提高,导致块茎产量和水分利用效率明显升高,并提高了商品薯产量和纯收益,是适宜于西北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯种植的耕作技术.展开更多
文摘探究全膜覆土种植和施肥水平对半干旱区旱地苦荞土壤耗水特征和产量的影响,于2015—2017年连续3年进行定位试验,全膜覆土种植方式下,设置高量(N 120 kg hm^(-2)+P_(2)O_(5)90 kg hm^(-2)+K2O 60 kg hm^(-2),HF)、中量(N 80 kg hm^(-2)+P_(2)O_(5)60 kg hm^(-2)+K2O 40 kg hm^(-2),MF)、低量(N 40 kg hm^(-2)+P_(2)O_(5)30 kg hm^(-2)+K2O 20 kg hm^(-2),LF)和零施肥(ZF),以传统露地种植不施肥为CK,共5个处理,以明确全膜覆土种植和施肥对半干旱区苦荞的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,苦荞全膜覆土种植后集雨保墒效果明显,能够改善土壤水分环境,增加花前贮水,LF能够根据不同降水年型和土壤水分状况调控苦荞花前花后土壤耗水,在干旱年LF较ZF、MF、HF、CK能够提高苦荞花后土壤贮水量2.8~23.5 mm,增加花前0~100 cm土层土壤剖面水分耗散量26.3~32.4 mm,增加生育期总耗水量44.5 mm,提高耗水模系数、耗水强度,显著增加成熟期干物质量1.2%~58.8%、灌浆期叶面积指数4.1%~68.5%,增加单株粒重1.6%~61.6%,提高籽粒饱满率0.6%~29.2%,增加生物量1.1%~182.5%,提高产量1.1%~130.4%,提高水分利用效率0.3%~102.7%。可见,旱地苦荞全膜覆土种植低量施肥处理贮水效果明显,能够达到水肥耦合作用,且能够根据降水等环境条件调控植株生育期耗水,显著提高苦荞生物产量、产量和水分利用效率,是适宜于半干旱区苦荞增产增效的栽培模式。
基金supported by the Fund of State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau,China(10501-1201)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period(2012BAD14B08)the Innovation Team Program,Ministry of Education of China
文摘Two pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of root pruning at the stem elongation stage on non-hydraulic root-sourced signals (nHRS), drought tolerance and water use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). The root pruning significantly reduced the root weight of wheat, but had no effect on root/shoot ratio at the two tested stages. At booting stage, specific root respiration of root pruned plants was significantly higher than those with intact roots (1.06 and 0.94 mmol g-1 s-1, respectively). The soil water content (SWC) at which nHRS for root pruned plants appeared was higher and terminated lower than for intact root plants, the threshold range of nHRS was markedly greater for root pruned plants (61.1-44.6% field water capacity) than for intact root plants (57.9-46.1% field water capacity). At flowering stage, while there was no significant difference in specific root respiration. The SWCs at which nHRS appeared and terminated were both higher for root pruned plants than for intact root plants. The values of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, i.e., the effective photosystem II quantum yield (F PS II ), the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS II (F v /F m ), coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP), and coefficient of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), in root pruned plants were significantly higher than in intact root plants, 7 d after withholding of water. Root pruned plants had significantly higher water use efficiency (WUE) than intact root plants in well-watered and medium drought soil, but not in severe drought condition. In addition, root pruning had no significant effect on grain yield in well-watered and medium drought soil, but significantly decreased grain yield in severe drought condition. In conclusion, the current study showed that root pruning significantly altered nHRS sensitivity and improved WUE of winter wheat in well-watered and medium drought soil, but lowered drought tolerance of winter wheat in severe drought soil. This suggests a possible direction of drought- resistance breeding and potential agricultural measure to improve WUE of winter wheat under semiarid conditions.
文摘探明深旋松耕作技术(VRT)对西北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯阶段性耗水、个体和群体生长状况、产量、水分利用效率和经济收益的影响,可为寻求抗旱增产、资源高效利用的耕作方法提供依据.本研究采用随机区组设计,于2016和2017年设置旋耕15 cm (TT)、深松40cm (DLT)、深旋松耕40 cm (VRT) 3种耕作方式,测定马铃薯不同生育时期0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量、叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数、植株干物质量和产量等指标,计算阶段耗水量、水分利用效率(WUE)、商品率、商品产量、纯收益和新增收益等指标,探究深旋松耕作对马铃薯生产效率和经济效益的影响.结果表明:与TT和DLT相比,VRT能显著促进马铃薯在盛花期和块茎膨大期的耗水,2016和2017年分别较DLT、TT增加了46.7、35.7和27.2、47.3 mm.由于VRT促进马铃薯耗水,叶片SPAD值、干物质量和叶面积指数均显著提高,证明它能促进马铃薯个体和群体发育.基于较高的个体和群体生长量,VRT的马铃薯块茎产量显著提高,分别在2016和2017年较DLT和TT增加了156.8%、47.8%和24.8%、41.0%,WUE相应地提高了92.3%、19.2%和18.9%、26.6%.深旋松耕作使马铃薯商品薯产量显著增加,纯收益和新增纯收益显著提高,在2016和2017年分别达到12631.9、11019.1和29498.3、18245.5元·hm-2.深旋松耕作促进马铃薯花期和块茎膨大期耗水,使马铃薯叶片SPAD值、干物质量和叶面积指数显著提高,导致块茎产量和水分利用效率明显升高,并提高了商品薯产量和纯收益,是适宜于西北黄土高原半干旱区马铃薯种植的耕作技术.