CB诱导熊本牡蛎三倍体及其存活率与倍化率的变化关系

为诱导熊本牡蛎三倍体,研究了细胞松弛素B (CB)浓度、诱导起始时间、诱导持续时间等因素对卵裂率、D幼率、三倍体率的影响,并分析了幼虫、稚贝及成贝的存活率和三倍体率的变化特征。结果显示,CB浓度为0.5～0.6 mg/L,诱导起始时间为40%受精卵释放第一极体,诱导持续时间为20 min时可获得87%的三倍体率。卵裂率、D幼率、三倍体率的最大影响因素分别为CB浓度、诱导持续时间、诱导起始时间与诱导持续时间。三倍体率与卵裂率无显著负相关性,而与D幼率呈显著正相关。因此,减小CB浓度或诱导持续时间,可同时获得较高的三倍体率与幼虫产量。3～15日龄三倍体组与对照组的存活率分别由71.27%与96.09%降低至34.14%与58.80%,成贝期450日龄(9月)三倍体组与对照组的存活率分别为53.62%与44.67%。3～9日龄三倍体率从87%降低至77%,而90～450日龄三倍体率平均值为59.21%±4.99%,表明幼贝与成贝期三倍体率变化较小,三倍体率的维持与存活率无显著相关性。

三种香港牡蛎三倍体幼虫诱导方法的效果比较

以卵裂率、D 形幼虫发生率、三倍体率等为指标,比较了高盐、低温及咖啡因诱导香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)三倍体幼虫的效果,同时也分析了诱导因子强度(或浓度)、持续时间、受精卵密度及受精后开始处理时间对诱导效果的影响。结果表明,高盐诱导三倍体的最适条件组合是在卵子密度 1.0×10^7个/L 的情况下受精后15 min,用盐度 40 的海水持续处理 10 min,此时卵裂率为(39.60±2.14)%, D 形幼虫发生率为(31.46±1.06)%,三倍体率可以达到(59.53±5.90)%;低温诱导三倍体的最适条件组合是密度为 2.0×10^7 个/L的卵子在受精后 15 min,用 10℃海水持续处理 10 min,此时卵裂率为(21.00±4.90)%, D 形幼虫发生率为(12.68±1.21)%,三倍体率为(51.09±2.67)%;咖啡因诱导三倍体的最适条件组合是卵子密度为 1.0×10^8 个/L,用咖啡因终浓度 2.0 g/L 的海水在受精后 15 min,持续处理 20 min,卵裂率为(85.46±4.78)%, D 形幼虫发生率为(71.79±3.92)%,三倍体率可以达到(56.36±2.07)%。最适诱导条件下,咖啡因的诱导效率指数 0.405 高于高盐处理 0.187、低温处理 0.065。高盐及低温处理方法诱导出的幼虫三倍体率随生长降低极快且存活率低于咖啡因诱导方法,说明 3 种方法中咖啡因可能更适合用于香港牡蛎三倍体幼虫的诱导。本研究为香港牡蛎三倍体育种提供了基础数据和实践经验。

熊本牡蛎中国群体与美国群体杂交效应及杂交三倍体优势分析

为了评估熊本牡蛎(Crassostreasikamea)中国群体与美国群体的杂交效应与杂交三倍体优势,构建了杂交群体和自交群体,并使用细胞松弛素B诱导了杂交三倍体,比较分析了幼虫、稚贝与成贝的生长与存活优势。自交群体和杂交群体的幼虫、稚贝与成贝的培养条件均相同,室内培育幼虫,培育密度为4～5个/mL,自然海区养殖稚贝与成贝,养殖密度为40～45个/吊。结果表明,与自交组相比,杂交二倍体具有较高的卵裂率(13.61%)与D幼率(5.67%)(P<0.05),但杂交二倍体幼虫的壳高生长表现杂种劣势(–0.43%),而稚贝、成贝的壳长与壳高的生长表现杂种优势,平均优势率分别为3.96%与6.65%。杂交三倍体诱导组幼虫的壳高生长优势率为3.69%,稚贝及成贝的壳长与壳高平均生长优势率分别为12.69%与13.64%,并且日龄越大生长优势越显著。总体上,杂交三倍体诱导组在3～180日龄具有存活劣势,并且15日龄存活劣势率最大(–48.72%),而在360日龄存活优势率为6.70%。杂交二倍体幼虫与成贝均具有存活优势,平均优势率分别为10.44%与4.59%。本研究表明熊本牡蛎中美地理群体杂交二倍体的生长和存活优于自交二倍体,而杂交三倍体诱导组的生长优势较显著,并且在成贝期具有显著的成活率优势,表明杂交三倍体诱导组的优势来源于三倍体优势和部分杂种优势。

熊本牡蛎多嵴和无嵴品系F3生长性状的连续选择效应

为进一步检测熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)多嵴和无嵴品系F3的连续选择反应,以2个品系F2上选组为材料,开展2个品系F3混合上选研究,评估2个品系F3生长性状的选择反应、现实遗传力及遗传改进量,解析选育过程中选择效应、品系效应及二者交互作用对生产性状的影响。结果表明:多嵴品系F3生长性状具有较高的现实遗传力,表现出较好的遗传改良效果;无嵴品系F3表现出中等现实遗传力水平,但仍具有一定程度的遗传改良潜能。养成期360日龄时,多嵴品系子代壳高、鲜重的选择反应分别为0.70、0.76;现实遗传力分别为0.40、0.43;遗传改进量分别为7.02%、12.29%;无嵴品系的选择反应分别为0.36、0.33;现实遗传力分别为0.20、0.19;遗传改进量分别为3.74%、5.72%。经过双因子分析模型检测发现:品系来源是影响F3生长性状的主要因子,选择效应是次要因子,二者间不存在明显的交互作用。由此可见,随着连续选择的进行,选择反应逐渐降低,品系来源作用增强,本研究为熊本牡蛎遗传改良和新品系培育奠定了基础。

深凹壳型香港牡蛎家系生长与存活性状比较

为了培育壳型和生长性状优良的深凹壳型香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)新品系,以广东台山镇海湾香港牡蛎野生群体为基础群体,以壳型和生长为主要选育目标,依据壳型指数D和巢式设计建立了30个全同胞家系和1个对照组,评估各家系和对照组在幼虫期和稚贝期的生长和存活性能。结果表明,整个生长阶段,各家系生长性状和存活率的平均值均高于对照组。幼虫期,所有家系壳高、生长速度以及存活率的平均值均高于对照组,所有家系壳高平均值比对照组提高3.78%~7.73%,生长速度提高7.86%,存活率提高2.85%~7.32%。稚贝期,所有家系壳高、壳长以及生长速度、存活率的平均值均高于对照组平均值,壳高提高5.23%~16.32%,壳长提高7.94%~10.69%,生长速度提高9.55%~20.16%,存活率提高3.45%~12.25%。不同家系在不同时期的生长性状和存活性能也表现出较大的差异,G1在整个稚贝期的生长性状、生长速度以及存活率的平均值均显著高于所有家系和对照组的平均值,12月龄G1家系的壳高、壳长、壳宽、壳型指数D、总重、壳重、软体重、存活率比所有家系平均值提高9.83%~54.75%,相比对照组平均值提高23.34%~80.77%,同时G3、G10、G12、G15、G19、G23、G26在稚贝期也表现出较大的生长优势和存活优势。研究表明,深凹壳型香港牡蛎家系选育群体在生长性状和存活性能上均具有较大的优势,G1、G3、G10、G12、G15、G19、G23、G26可作为后期培育生长性能优良的深凹壳型香港牡蛎新品系的育种材料。本研究为中国华南地区培育出深凹壳型、生长性能良好的香港牡蛎优良品种提供了理论基础和数据材料。

Effects of Salinity on Embryonic Development, Survival, and Growth of Crassostrea hongkongensis

This study examined the effects of salinity on embryonic development, survival, and growth of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. The embryos, larvae, and juveniles of C. hongkongensis were held in artificial seawater at three different salinities(low, 15; medium, 23; and high, 30) to determine the optimum hatchery and nursery conditions for mass production of the seeds. Results showed that the percentage production of straight-hinged larvae from fertilized eggs was significantly lower at the high salinity than at the low- and medium-salinities(P < 0.05). The survival rates of larvae and juveniles differed significantly among the three salinity trials, with the highest survival rate observed at the low salinity(P < 0.05). The shell height of larvae was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities from days 9 to 15(P < 0.05), whereas that of juveniles was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities on day 70(P < 0.05). These results indicate that the larvae and juveniles of C. hongkongensis are tolerant to a wide range of salinities(15 to 30), but show better growth and survival at relatively low salinities. Thus, it is recommended to use relatively low salinities in hatchery and nursery systems for improved yields of C. hongkongensis.

Interspecific Hybridization Between Crassostrea angulata and C. ariakensis

Interspecific hybridization can generate heterosis, which is proven to be a useful tool in selective breeding programs for oyster culture. Crassostrea angulata and C. ariakensis are two important economic shellfish species in China. We conducted 2 × 2 reciprocal crosses to determine whether these two species can cross-fertilize and their hybrids can hatch, survive and perform heterosis. Fertilization was found symmetrical without delay. The rate of fertilization success of C. angulata ♀× C. ariakensis ♂ was lower than that of C. ariakensis ♀× C. angulata ♂, and the success rate of both hybridizations was lower than that of two intraspecific crosses each. During the planktonic period, survival rate of the progeny was lower in the hybrid crosses than in the intraspecific crosses. On day 360, mean shell height of the progeny of C. angulata ♀× C. angulata ♂ was highest, which was followed by that of C. angulata ♀× C. ariakensis ♂, C. ariakensis ♀× C. ariakensis ♂ and C. ariakensis ♀× C. angulata ♂ in a descending order. Morphology of adults produced by the hybrid crosses was similar to that of C. angulata. Both hybrids underwent normal gonad development and produced mature gametes in the mating season. This study provided new insights into the quantitative traits in interspecific crosses of Crassostrea species, thus being of guidance value for selective breeding of oyster.

儿科门诊病人满意度的关键驱动因素分析

目的:分析我院儿科门诊病人满意度的关键驱动因素,为儿科医疗服务质量的提高提供依据。方法:于2019年4月—2019年6月对我院儿科门诊300例患儿监护人发放满意度调查问卷,采用重要性矩阵分析方法对病人满意度的关键驱动因素进行分析。结果:调查问卷的回收率及有效率均为100%。医生诊疗水平的满意度评分最高为(4.35±0.44)分,影响程度为0.251;有意见知道如何解决的满意度评分最低为(3.60±0.30)分,影响程度为0.108;等候时间的满意度评分较低为(3.94±0.47)分,但是影响程度较高(0.175)。结论:等候时间为儿科门诊病人满意度的关键驱动因素。

Early Embryo and Larval Development of Inviable Intergeneric Hybrids Derived from Crassostrea angulata and Saccostrea cucullata

To detect the intergeneric hybridization between the oyster Crassostrea angulata and Saccostrea cucullata coexisting along the southern coast of China, reciprocal crosses were conducted between the two species. Barriers for sperm recognizing, binding, penetrating the egg, and forming the pronucleus were detected by fluorescence staining. From the results, although fertilization success was observed in hybrid crosses, the overall fertilization rate was lower than that of intraspecific crosses. A large number of hybrid larvae died at 6–8 d after hatching, and those survived could not complete metamorphosis. C. angulata ♀× S. cucullata ♂ larvae had a growth rate similar to that of the maternal species, whereas S. cucullata ♀× C. angulata ♂ larvae grew the slowest among all crosses. Molecular genetics analysis revealed that hybrid progeny were amphimixis hybrids. This study demonstrated that hybrid embryos generated by crossing C. angulata and S. cucullata could develop normally to the larval state, but could not complete metamorphosis and then develop to the spat stage. Thus, there is a post-reproductive isolation between C. angulata and S. cucullata.

草原生态补奖政策有利于提高牧户生产效率吗?——基于内蒙古牧户追踪调查数据的实证研究

草原生态补奖政策在促进草原生态保护的同时,也显著改变了牧户的畜牧生产行为,进而影响其畜牧业生产效率的变化。对此,笔者基于内蒙古牧户追踪调查数据,采用DEA-Tobit模型,探讨了政策规制与补奖资金对牧户生产效率变动的影响机制。结果表明:在政策规制下,牧户的适应性行为是通过调整养殖规模以实现适度经营,促进生产效率的提升;补奖资金对牧户产生激励效果,促使他们对生产方式进行适应性调整,用现代化养殖理念和技术推动生产效率的增长。根据以上结论,笔者从动态调整理论载畜量、制定科学补偿机制、优化培训模式三方面提出了促进牧户生产效率提高的政策建议。