长期有机无机肥配施降低黄淮海区域小麦-大豆复种系统净温室效应

【目的】小麦-大豆系统是黄淮海区域重要的禾豆复种系统,综合评价该系统的净碳排放对于我国农田固碳减排具有重要意义。借助30年的长期定位试验,综合评价不同施肥处理下小麦-大豆复种系统的产量和净碳排放,旨在为该系统丰产低碳排放的施肥制度创新提供理论依据。【方法】试验包括单施牛粪(M)、氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)、氮磷钾加牛粪(NPKM)、氮磷加秸秆(NPS)、氮磷钾加饼肥(NPKC)、氮磷钾加牛粪及饼肥(NPKMC)以及不施肥对照(CK),共7个处理。综合分析了各处理田间直接温室气体排放(N2O和CH4)、农田投入导致的间接碳排放与土壤有机碳固定,估算了单施牛粪、单施化肥以及化肥与不同有机物料配施的净碳排放,同时将碳排放与作物产量和土壤有机质相结合,综合评价了不同施肥措施下的净温室效应。【结果】小麦-大豆复种系统中,小麦季施肥对大豆产量有显著后效,与单施NPK相比,NPKM、NPKC和NPKMC处理分别使大豆产量提高了31.0%、16.8%和24.0%,而M和NPS处理不利于大豆、小麦产量的提高。与NPK处理相比,M、NPKM、NPKMC处理的农田直接温室气体排放分别增加了49.4%、17.7%和12.4%,土壤有机碳年固定量分别显著提高了282.2%、137.3%和169.1%。M及NPKM处理的间接碳排放与NPK处理没有明显差异,而其他施肥处理的间接碳排放低于NPK处理。在各施肥处理中,由肥料投入导致的碳排放占总间接碳排放的比例最大,其次是灌溉用电和机械用柴油导致的碳排放。对净碳排放的估算结果表明,M处理的净碳排放为负值(表现为碳汇),而其他处理下小麦-大豆复种系统均表现为碳源,NPK与有机物料配施的处理净碳排放显著低于NPK处理。此外,与NPK处理相比,NPK与有机物料配施使碳排放强度显著降低了36.5%~113.2%,使单位土壤有机质提升的温室气体排放(δGHG/δSOM)降低了69.4%~93.2%。【结论】黄淮海区域小麦-大豆复种系统中,氮磷钾配施有机肥(牛粪或饼肥)可在保证小麦和大豆产量的同时,降低小麦-大豆复种系统的净温室效应。

Effects of Tillage Practices on Water Consumption, Water Use Efficiency and Grain Yield in Wheat Field

Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of tillage practices on the water consumption and water use efifciency （WUE） of wheat under high-yield conditions using supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture dynamic change were examined in this study. This experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010, with ifve tillage practice treatments, namely, strip rotary tillage （SR）, strip rotary tillage after subsoiling （SRS）, rotary tillage （R）, rotary tillage after subsoiling （RS）, and plowing tillage （P）. The results showed that in the SRS and RS treatments the total water and soil water consumptions were 11.81, 25.18%and 12.16, 14.75%higher than those in SR and R treatments, respectively. The lowest ratio of irrigation consumption to total water consumption in the SRS treatment was 18.53 and 21.88%for the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons, respectively. However, the highest percentage of water consumption was found in the SRS treatment from anthesis to maturity. No signiifcant difference was found between the WUE of the lfag leaf at the later iflling stage in the SRS and RS treatments, but the lfag leaf WUE at these stages were higher than those of other treatments. The SRS and RS treatments exhibited the highest grain yield （9 573.76 and 9 507.49 kg ha-1 for 3-yr average） with no signiifcant difference between the two treatments, followed by P, R and SR treatments. But the SRS treatment had the highest WUE. Thus, the 1-yr subsoiling tillage, plus 2 yr of strip rotary planting operation may be an efifcient measure to increase wheat yield and WUE.

Impacts of Nighttime Warming on the Soil Nematode Community in a Winter Wheat Field of Yangtze Delta Plain, China

Changes in the soil nematode community induced by global warming may have a considerable influence on agro-ecosystem functioning. However, the impacts of predicted warming on nematode community in farmland （e.g., winter wheat field） have not been well documented. Therefore, a field experiment with free air temperature increase （FATI） was conducted to investigate the responses of the soil nematode community to nighttime warming in a winter wheat field of Yangtze Delta Plain, China, during 2007 to 2009. Nighttime warming （NW） by 1.8~C at 5-cm soil depth had no significant impact on the total nematode abundance compared to un-warmed control （CK）. However, NW significantly affected the nematode community structure. Warming favored the bacterivores and fungivores, such as Acrobeles, Monhystera, Rhabditis, and Rhabdontolaimus in bacterivores, and Filenchus in fungivores, while the plant-parasites were hindered, such as Helicotylenchus and Psilenchus. Interestingly, the carnivores/ omnivores remained almost unchanged. Hence, the abundances ofbacterivores and fungivores were significantly higher under NW than those under CK. Similarly, the abundances of plant-parasites were significantly lower under NW than under CK. Furthermore, Wasilewska index of the nematode community was significantly higher under NW than those under CK, indicating beneficial effect to the plant in the soil. Our results suggest that nighttime warming may improve soil fertility and decrease soil- borne diseases in winter wheat field through affecting the soil nematode community. It is also indicated that nighttime warming may promote the sustainability of the nematode community by altering genera-specific habitat suitability for soil biota.

丛枝菌根真菌对豆科作物生长和生物固氮及磷素吸收的影响

本研究以大豆为材料,采用盆栽和田间试验,探讨丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对豆科作物生长的影响。盆栽试验设置了接种(+AMF)和不接种(-AMF)丛枝菌根真菌处理,田间试验设置了AMF菌丝非限制与限制处理。盆栽试验结果表明:接种AMF显著提高了大豆地上部生物量(16.5%)和大豆根瘤数(131.4%),地上部磷含量、磷吸收量、氮含量和氮吸收量也显著增加。田间试验中,AMF菌丝非限制处理下大豆的地上部生物量、根系生物量、根瘤数量分别比限制处理下显著提高了123.6%、61.5%和212.5%,地上部和根系磷吸收量、氮含量、氮吸收量均显著高于限制处理,大豆根际土壤速效氮和有效磷含量也均显著高于限制处理。本研究可为进一步认识豆科作物与AMF的共生关系及田间磷肥高效利用提供理论参考。