Climatic trends over the Tibetan Plateau during 1971-2000

Trends of annual and monthly temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and aridity index were analyzed to understand climate change during the period 1971-2000 over the Tibetan Plateau which is one of the most special regions sensitive to global climate change. FAO56-Penmen-Monteith model was modified to calculate potential evapotranspiration which integrated many climatic elements including maximum and minimum temperatures, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed. Results indicate generally warming trends of the annual averaged and monthly temperatures, increasing trends of precipitation except in April and September, decreasing trends of annual and monthly potential evapotranspiration, and increasing aridity index except in September. It is not the isolated climatic elements that are important to moisture conditions, but their integrated and simultaneous effect. Moreover, potential evapotranspiration often changes the effect of precipitation on moisture conditions. The climate trends suggest an important warm and humid tendency averaged over the southern plateau in annual period and in August. Moisture conditions would probably get drier at large area in the headwater region of the three rivers in annual average and months from April to November, and the northeast of the plateau from July to September. Complicated climatic trends over the Tibetan Plateau reveal that climatic factors have nonlinear relationships, and resulte in much uncertainty together with the scarcity of observation data. The results would enhance our understanding of the potential impact of climate change on environment in the Tibetan Plateau. Further research of the sensitivity and attribution of climate change to moisture conditions on the plateau is necessary.

Climate Changes in Northeastern China During Last Four Decades

The northeastern China is a sensitive region of climate change, whose detailed trend of climate changes is highly interesting. In this study, this kind of variation trend was analyzed. Potential evapotranspiration (PE) and moisture index (MI) were modeled by using Thornthwaite scheme based on the observation data of 1961-2004 from 94 meteorological stations. To describe the climate fluctuation in the northeastern China in 1961-2004, the linear regression method was used to analyze the variation trends of mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, PE and MI. Mann-Kendall method was used to test the significant difference. The results show a general increasing tendency in mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, PE and MI. However increasing tendency was more significant in mean annual temperature and PE than in mean annual precipitation and MI. Analysis of seasonal climate variation indicates that there showed positive trends in winter and in spring, while the positive trend was more significant in winter than in spring. Furthermore, the relations between climate changes and geographical factors were analyzed, the results show that both climate factors and their interannual variability were correlated to latitude, longitude and altitude, suggesting that latitude is the most climate factor affecting climate changes, followed by altitude and longitude.

Residents’ perspectives and responses to environmental degradation in the upper Dadu River, eastern Tibetan Plateau

Environmental degeneration in the Tibetan Plateau attracts worldwide attention, whereas case studies on how the residents understand and respond to environmental degeneration are scarce. Using a Participatory Rural Appraisal method, this paper investigates how the people in different regions in the upper Dadu River understand and respond to environmental degeneration, based on comparative field surveys in three villages, in which Danzamu village is chosen from villages in the valley region, Kerma village from mountainside region, Rico village from the mountain and plateau region. The results show that： （1） although awakened to environmental degeneration, the residents in different regions have different responses. As agricultural labors have been transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, population pressure in Danzamu and Kerma villages is mitigated. Residents in Danzamu village actively respond to natural disasters and forest degradation, as their livelihoods never rely on forests and rangelands again. Whereas the residents in Kerma village negatively respond to natural disasters, forest and meadow degradation and the ruin of wildlife resources, as their livelihoods still rely on stockbreeding. Labors in Rico village are hard to transfer to the secondary and tertiary industries, so they have to raise more livestock to make a living. Active measures are just taken to avoid livestock loss, not to avoid forest and meadow degradation and the ruin of wildlife resources. So the most fragile region is the mountain and plateau region and mountainside region, not the valley region. （2） Livelihood strategy is the key factor affecting the residents to respond to population pressure and environmental degeneration. So the framework of sustainable livelihood strategy should be used to explain and intervene in issues of population pressure and environmental degradation in ecotones. （3） Transferring agricultural labors to the secondary and tertiary industries were favorable to improving people＇s livelihood. It is necessary to reduce the education fees to speed up the pace of labors transferring in the mountainside region. In the mountain and plateau region, preferable ways also include the development of towns, highways, education equipment and other establishments.

Cloudiness variations over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 1971-2004

With Empirical Orthogonal Function （EOF） and trend analysis method adopted, the spatio-temporal variation of total cloud amount is analyzed for 75 stations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the period 1971-2004. Analysis indicates that the total cloud amount decreases from the southeast to the northwest of the plateau, and that the annual and seasonal variations in total cloud amount both show an apparent declining tendency over the past decades. Correlation analysis demonstrates that the total cloud amount is negative with sunshine duration and diurnal temperature range （DTR）, and is positive with precipitation and the relative humidity, respectively. The negative correlation is consistent with the radiative effect of cloud, while the positive correlation between total cloud amount and precipitation is obscured because of the influence of topographic factors. Discussion implies that the decrease of total cloud amount is possibly due to the variation of atmospheric aerosol content and ozone concentration over the plateau, although it is difficult to quantify the driving force mechanism up to now.

生态承载力研究进展

基于生态承载力的概念发展,介绍了常用的生态承载力研究方法,包括生态足迹法、人类净初级生产力占用法、状态空间法、综合评价法、系统模型法和生态系统服务消耗评价法,并客观评述了这些方法的优缺点,指出了目前生态承载力研究中存在的薄弱环节。未来生态承载力研究需要完善理论体系,深入研究承载力过程机理与承载机制,将生态系统服务的空间流动因素纳入评估体系,构建完善的评价指标体系,加强生态承载力时空动态评估。最终将生态承载力作为解决生态脆弱区资源环境问题的抓手,建立区域资源环境监测预警机制,并落实到主体功能规划和生态安全建设上,为生态文明建设提供有力的科学依据。

^(60)Co-γ射线辐照对鳝鱼品质及挥发性物质的影响

目的 研究^(60)Co-γ射线辐照对鳝鱼品质及挥发性物质的影响。方法 将鲜活鳝鱼剖杀、切段处理后进行辐照灭菌,设置2、4、6、8 k Gy 4个剂量组,以未辐照组作为对照组,真空包装后在4℃冰箱中进行储藏。定期取样测定其菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)、脂肪含量、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、脂质过氧化物(lipid peroxides,LPO)来研究^(60)Co-γ射线辐照灭菌对鳝鱼冷藏品质的影响,并利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)研究未辐照、8 k Gy辐照鳝鱼的挥发性物质变化情况。结果 第8 d时未辐照组鳝鱼片TVB-N值为20.92 mg/100 g,菌落总数超过1.0×10^(6)CFU/g,超过可食用标准限值,但辐照导致鳝鱼脂肪氧化产物增加,第6 d时未辐照组的LPO和MDA含量分别为8.64μmol/g prot和7.64 nmol/mg prot,而辐照各组均高于未辐照组。挥发性物质检测结果显示,在鳝鱼中一共检测出62种挥发性物质,其中胺类6种、醛类15种、烃类25种、酸类5种、酮类5种、酯类2种、醇类1种,其他化合物3种。结论 辐照能够有效延长鳝鱼冷藏货架期,结合TVB-N和菌落总数指标,辐照组鳝鱼的冷藏货架期最长可至15 d,但辐照也有促使脂肪氧化、产生影响风味的挥发性物质等副作用。

辐照对小龙虾常温贮藏品质的影响

为研究常温贮藏条件下辐照对熟制小龙虾品质变化规律的影响,采用60Co-γ射线对真空包装条件下的熟制小龙虾进行辐照灭菌处理,并设置2.93、6.62、8.50、10.66 kGy 4个辐照剂量组,将未辐照组作为对照组,通过测定菌落总数、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、蛋白质特性等相关指标研究60Co-γ射线辐照灭菌对小龙虾常温贮藏货架期及蛋白特性的影响。结果表明:不同辐照剂量虾肉贮藏过程中的初始菌落总数存在显著差异,10.66 kGy组贮藏0 d的菌落总数仅为76 CFU/g,比未辐照组贮藏0 d的菌落总数降低90%以上,且辐照组的TVB-N含量增长趋势明显低于未辐照组,这说明辐照剂量越高,灭菌效果越明显;10.66 kGy组小龙虾辐照后肌原纤维蛋白含量为10.07μg/mL,未辐照组为14.48μg/mL,高剂量辐照组的肌原纤维蛋白含量比低剂量辐照组明显降低,说明辐照促进了蛋白质的氧化分解,对其营养成分有一定影响。当辐照剂量为6.62 kGy时,小龙虾货架期得到有效延长的同时也更好维持了虾肉品质。

离散制造车间下智能加工设备构建方法研究

随着“工业4.0”的到来,物联技术与制造技术不断融合,制造车间中的加工设备与制造系统之间联系更加紧密,对设备间互联提出了更高的要求。在传统制造车间中,加工设备仅作为独立的个体存在于制造系统,加工设备之间无法进行交互协商,导致设备无法及时对加工过程进行适应性调整。为此,结合物联制造技术理论,研究车间中面向物理资源的加工设备智能化构建方法。以离散制造车间中的加工设备为对象,构建面向不同类型数控系统设备的适配层,并以此为基础,建立设备的智能分析层,使设备可以通过对环境信息与自身状态信息的分析合理执行加工任务。同时定义设备与系统内其他设备间的交互方式,克服传统设备的独立性,使设备间具备交互能力。最后,将构建结果应用于实际数控系统的加工设备,提高了整个制造系统的动态性能,证明该构建方法的可行性。

个性化定制生产模式下的云制造系统设计研究

针对个性化订单具有多品种、小批量、到达时间随机和产品参数复杂多变的特点,结合J2EE和云平台技术,设计了一套具有面向用户个性化产品定制、订单预排产后下达车间生产及车间数据实时追踪等功能的云制造系统,用以对接车间,实时动态调度生产。分析了该系统的总体架构,研究了系统的关键技术,阐述了该系统在实时动态调度生产车间的运行环境。将该系统运用于某实验室的微型工厂,取得了预期的效果。

基于Simulink的三相异步电动机直接转矩控制系统研究

基于直接转矩控制工作原理,利用Simulink搭建三相异步电动机直接转矩控制系统仿真模型,采用定子磁链轨迹近似圆形的控制方案,对系统进行仿真。仿真结果表明,该直接转矩控制系统仿真模型能够很好地模拟实际调速系统的相关性能,体现了更优越的静动态性能。此外,通过搭建实际调速系统,测量电机转速、转矩参数,验证了仿真模型的有效性。

Land cover change along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway from 1981 to 2001

Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI monthly data from 1981 to 2001, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of land cover along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway were studied. The results of the analytical data indicate that the NDVI values in July, August and September are rather high during a year, and a linear trend by calculating NDVI of each pixel computed based on the average values of NDVI in July, August and September were obtained. The results are as follows： 1） Land cover of the study area by NDVI displays high at two sides of the area and low in the center, and agriculture area 〉 alpine meadow 〉 alpine grassland 〉 desert grassland. 2） In the study area, the amount ofpixels with high increase, slight increase, no change, slight decrease and high decrease account for 0.29%, 14.86%, 67.61%, 16.7% and 0.57% of the whole area, respectively. The increase of land cover pixels is mainly in the agriculture and alpine meadow and the decrease pixels mainly in the alpine grassland, desert grassland and hungriness. Grassland and hungriness contribute to the decrease mostly and artificial land and meadow contribute to the increase mostly. 3） In the area where human beings live, the changing trend is obvious, such as the valleys of Lhasa River and Huangshui River and area along the Yellow River; in the high altitude area with fewer people living, the changing trend is relatively low, like the area of Hoh Xil. 4） Human being＇s behaviors are a key factor followed by the climate changes affecting land cover.

五苓散结合西医治疗脑转移瘤脑水肿的疗效及机制

目的观察五苓散结合西医治疗脑转移瘤脑水肿的临床疗效以及探讨其作用机制。方法选择脑转移瘤患者60例,随机分为两组,治疗组30例给予五苓散+西医常规脱水、激素治疗,对照组30例给予西医常规脱水、激素治疗,以中医症候评分、NIHSS评分、脑水肿改善程度、血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平为指标,观察五苓散治疗脑转移瘤脑水肿的临床疗效,并分析其作用机制。结果治疗组的中医症候评分、NIHSS评分、脑水肿改善情况均明显优于对照组(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义;治疗组的血清VEGF明显低于对照组(P<0.05),差异具有统计学意义。结论五苓散结合西医治疗可减轻脑转移瘤患者的脑水肿,并明显改善临床症状,其减轻脑水肿的作用机制考虑与降低血清VEGF有关。

Eco-geographic Environment and Regional Development in Xinjiang of China

The study on relationship between eco-geographic environment(EGE) and regional development(RD) is of theoretical and practical significance to promote the comprehensive study on nature and human factors and regional coordination development.Based on the evaluation index system and models of EGE and RD, Quadrant Analysis Method(QAM) and the Coordination Degree and Coordinated Development Degree Model(CDCDDM) were applied to studying the relationship between EGE and RD in Xinjiang in this paper.The results show that Xinjiang can be divided into four type regions according to the relationship between EGE and RD, namely high coordination region(HCR), overloading development region(ODR), low coordination region(LCR) and potential development region(PDR).Most areas of Xinjiang belong to LCR which can not bear a larger population and support large-scale economic development.HCR, ODR and PDR, which are mainly distributed in piedmont oases and take basin as unit, should be focused on in the development of Xinjiang.The EGE has great influence on RD, and there is serious contradiction between them.Relevant suggestions on development strategies were put forward according to the character of different type regions, and the key regions of macro-layout of RD in Xinjiang were pointed out.

依达拉奉联合七叶皂苷钠治疗脑出血的Meta分析

目的系统评价依达拉奉联合七叶皂苷钠治疗脑出血的临床疗效。方法检索中国知网、维普医学数据库、万方医学数据库、中国生物医学文献网及PubMed数据库,收集依达拉奉联合七叶皂苷钠治疗脑出血的随机对照研究。对符合纳入标准的临床研究应用RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析。结果共纳入25篇随机对照研究。Meta分析结果表明,联合组总有效率优于常规治疗[OR=4.06,95%CI(3.19,5.16)],降低脑出血病人治疗期间病死率[OR=0.44,95%CI(0.25,0.76)];联合治疗后神经功能缺损评分明显低于对照组[WMD=-6.42,95%CI(-7.58,-5.26)];联合组对促进脑水肿吸收的研究均优于对照组[WMD=-4.26,95%CI(-5.33,-3.19)]。结论依达拉奉联合七叶皂苷钠可明显提高脑出血病人的临床治疗有效率,降低病死率,在改善神经功能缺损、消除脑水肿等方面也优于对照组,并未见明显不良反应发生,但由于目前的临床研究质量较低,尚需进行严格的、多中心的随机双盲对照研究加以证实。

EVOLUTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE PHYSICO-EOGRAPHICALENVIRONMENT OF THE QINGHAI-XIZANG (TIBETAN) PLATEAU

The intense uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau givesrise to drastic changes of natural environment and distinctdifferentiation of the Plateau proper. This paper focuses on theevolution of subtropical environment at low altitude to frigidenvironment at high altitude of the region since Pliocene and thechanges effected by cold-warm amplitude bf global change. Bycomparative study on the structure-type of the altitudinal belt, adistributional model diagram with close relevance to highlanduplift effect has been generalized. Based on regjonaldifferentiation of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, a number ofstriking geo-ecological phenomena such as moisture corridor, dryvalleys and high cold-arid core area are investigated anddiscussed.

基于真实世界的糖尿病肾脏疾病中医证治规律分析及高频中药治疗糖尿病肾脏疾病的作用机制研究

目的:基于真实世界的临床数据分析糖尿病肾脏疾病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)的中医证治规律及临床高频中药治疗DKD的作用机制研究。方法:通过医院信息管理系统回顾性分析2014年1月1日至2021年12月31日就诊于河南中医药大学第一附属医院且诊断为DKD的患者数据资料,运用IBM SPSS Statistics 25软件对病例内容进行统计分析,总结DKD证治规律。利用网络药理学和分子对接方法分析高频中药治疗DKD的作用机制。结果:共纳入1 201例DKD患者数据资料,涉及中医证型72种,提取得到9个病性证素和6个病位证素,涉及405味中药,排名前5位的高频中药分别为白术、茯苓、黄芪、川芎、丹参。使用频次≥100的中药30味,以补虚药、活血祛瘀药为主,药性以温性、平性为主,药味以甘、苦最多,归经以脾经、肺经为主,聚类法将常用的30味中药聚为6类。基于TCMSP筛选得到高频中药有效活性成分58个及相关靶点164个;获取DKD靶点1 434个,高频中药治疗DKD的潜在靶点90个。“活性成分-潜在靶点”网络拓扑分析发现槲皮素、木犀草素、7-O-甲基异木糖醇、常春藤皂苷元和4-亚甲丹参新酮是高频中药治疗DKD的5种核心化学成分。PPI网络拓扑分析发现蛋白激酶B1(protein kinase B1,AKT1)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)、血管内皮生长因子A(vascular endothelial growth factor A,VEGFA)、肿瘤蛋白53(tumor protein P53,TP53)为核心蛋白靶点。KEGG富集分析得到20条信号通路。分子对接表明,木樨草素、4-亚甲丹参新酮、蛇床子素与AKT1结合性较强。结论:中医药辨治DKD遵循“以肾为本、兼顾肝脾、益气养阴、活血化瘀”的治则,高频中药治疗DKD具有多成分、多靶点、多途径等特点。

中国生态地理区划更新和优化

随着全球气候的持续增暖,中国的气候带和生态地理区域呈现出一定程度的变化。本文在已有生态地理区划方法的基础上,利用1991—2020年641个气象台站气候数据,以及高精度的生态地理要素资料,对中国生态地理区域进行了优化,更新了中国生态地理区域图(2023版),将制图比例尺提高至1∶400万。研究结果将中国划分为11个温度带、22个干湿区、50个自然区。与2007版的生态地理区划结果相比,1991—2020年中国生态地理区域的总体格局虽没发生明显变化,但是局部地区的温度带界线、干湿区界线、生态地理区(自然区)界线已经发生了不同程度的变化。首先,温度带的界线变化在东部较明显,特别是长江中下游地区北亚热带和中亚热带之间温度带界线北移较明显;其次,干湿区的界线出现了变动,在第二级地形阶梯的北部半干旱与干旱区的界线有稍微西移,青藏高原上半干旱与半湿润区之间的界线则稍有东南移,都反映半干旱区范围稍有扩大;最后,自然区的界线变化在局地差异较大。本文深化了1991—2020年气候变化和生态地理资料更新对生态地理区域边界变化认识,为指导不同区域生态保护修复工作提供宏观的区域框架。

Natural Regions In Tibet

The magnificent Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,with an aver-age elevabion of over 4000 meters above sea level,has long been famed 2s the Roof of the World.It has a cold climate.The average temperahure in the warmest month on the vast bableland climbs to no higher than 10 degrees C.

西藏雅尼国家湿地公园气候特征

对西藏自治区林芝市雅尼国家湿地公园开展气候监测,在研究区域内架设标准自动气象站获取观测数据,分析雅尼湿地气候特征。结果表明:2019—2021年,雅尼国家湿地公园的年均辐射总量为7474.25 MJ·m^(-2),近地面年净辐射量为3507.83 MJ·m^(-2),日均大于0 MJ·m^(-2),光合有效辐射量为11410.39 mol·m^(-2),其中夏季辐射量、近地面年净辐射量和光合有效辐射量分别为2260.91 MJ·m^(-2)、1249.94 MJ·m^(-2)和3483.62 mol·m^(-2)。观测期间年总辐射量超过6300 MJ·m^(-2),太阳能资源的丰富度与稳定度为A级。湿地区域近地面年均气温为10.09℃,以8月气温最高,平均值17.39℃;1月气温最低,平均值1.19℃;近地面气温整体呈现增温趋势,气温增高速率为0.18℃·a^(-1)。年均降水量470.1 mm,降水主要集中于夏季,6—9月降水量为258.9 mm,冬季(1—2、12月)降水量仅15.03 mm。年平均风速为5.8 m·s^(-1),1—6月风速较大,日平均风速最大可达7.38 m·s^(-1),7—9月风速较小,最小日平均风速为4.3 m·s^(-1);盛行南风和西南风,占全年天数的85.4%。土壤温度变化呈单峰型曲线,相对稳定,0~40 cm的土壤年均温度为13.38℃;2月中旬至9月中旬土壤吸收热量为主,9月中旬至翌年2月中旬土壤释放热量。各年平均空气含氧百分比在83.5%~87.8%,空气含氧呈降低趋势,降幅为2.0%·a^(-1),冬季高于夏季。雅尼湿地区域具有较高的太阳辐射量和光能资源,热量水平较高,降雨量及湿润度表明该区处于半湿润区;气温年较差增大,暖湿化过程明显,与青藏高原气候变化趋势一致。

Spatial and temporal variability in the net primary production of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau since 1982

Based on the GIMMS AVHRR NDVI data （8 km spatial resolution） for 1982-2000, the SPOT VEGETATION NDVI data （1 km spatial resolution） for 1998-2009, and observa- tional plant biomass data, the CASA model was used to model changes in alpine grassland net primary production （NPP） on the Tibetan Plateau （TP）. This study will help to evaluate the health conditions of the alpine grassland ecosystem, and is of great importance to the pro- motion of sustainable development of plateau pasture and to the understanding of the func- tion of the national ecological security shelter on the TP. The spatio-temporal characteristics of NPP change were investigated using spatial statistical analysis, separately on the basis of physico-geographical factors （natural zone, altitude, latitude and longitude）, river basin, and county-level administrative area. Data processing was carried out using an ENVI 4.8 platform, while an ArcGIS 9.3 and ANUSPLIN platform was used to conduct the spatial analysis and mapping. The primary results are as follows： （1） The NPP of alpine grassland on the TP gradually decreases from the southeast to the northwest, which corresponds to gradients in precipitation and temperature. From 1982 to 2009, the average annual total NPP in the TP alpine grassland was 177.2x1012 gC yrl（yr represents year）, while the average annual NPP was 120.8 gC m^-2 yr^-1. （2） The annual NPP in alpine grassland on the TP fluctuates from year to year but shows an overall positive trend ranging from 114.7 gC m^-2 yr^-1 in 1982 to 129.9 gC m^-2 yr^-1 in 2009, with an overall increase of 13.3%; 32.56% of the total alpine grassland on the TP showed a significant increase in NPP, while only 5.55% showed a significant decrease over this 28-year period. （3） Spatio-temporal characteristics are an important control on an- nual NPP in alpine grassland： a） NPP increased in most of the natural zones on the TP, only showing a slight decrease in the Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The positive trend in NPP in the high-cold shrub-meadow zone, high-cold meadow steppe zone and high-cold steppe zone is more significant than that of the high-cold desert zone; b） with in- creasing altitude, the percentage area with a positive trend in annual NPP follows a trend of ＂increasing-stable-decreasing＂, while the percentage area with a negative trend in annual NPP follows a trend of ＂decreasing-stable-increasing＂, with increasing altitude; c） the varia- tion in annual NPP with latitude and longitude co-varies with the vegetation distribution; d） the variation in annual NPP within the major river basins has a generally positive trend, of which the growth in NPP in the Yellow River Basin is most significant. Results show that, based on changes in NPP trends, vegetation coverage and phonological phenomenon with time, NPP has been declining in certain places successively, while the overall health of the alpine grassland on the TP is improving.