生态保护地空间重叠与发展冲突问题研究

不同类型生态保护地的空间用地冲突问题已成为国家生态保护地体系管理面临的共性问题,是国家公园体制建设必须面对的核心问题之一。分析了我国主要类型生态保护地的发展、功能分类及空间用地冲突现状,结合案例地区对承载不同功能的生态保护地空间发展冲突分析,提出以"核心目标协同管理"为基础框架的多类型生态保护地精细管控体系和管理对策建议,为科学开展全国自然保护区"绿盾行动"专项执法检查、完善国家公园管理体制建设提供参考。

A Method for Alpine Wetland Delineation and Features of Border: Zoigê Plateau, China

Accurate wetland delineation is the basis of wetland definition and mapping, and is of great importance for wetland management and research. The Zoige Plateau on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was used as a research site for research on alpine wetland delineation. Several studies have analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern and dynamics of these alpine wetlands, but none have addressed the issues of wetland boundaries. The objective of this work was to discriminate the upper boundaries of alpine wetlands by coupling ecological methods and satellite observations. The combination of Landsat 8 images and supervised classification was an effective method for rapid identification of alpine wetlands in the Zoig6 Plateau. Wet meadow was relatively stable compared with hydric soils and wetland hydrology and could be used as a primary indicator for discriminating the upper boundaries of alpine wetlands. A slope of less than 4.5° could be used as the threshold value for wetland delineation. The normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） in 434 field sites showed that a threshold value of 0.3 could distinguish grasslands from emergent marsh and wet meadow in September. The median normalized difference water index （NDWI） of emergent marsh remained more stable than that of wet meadow and grasslands during the period from September until July of the following year. The index of mean density in wet meadow zones was higher than the emergent and upland zones. Over twice the number of species occurred in the wet meadow zone compared with the emergent zone, and close to the value of upland zone. Alpine wetlands in the three reserves in 2014 covered 1175.19 kin2 with a classification accuracy of 75.6%. The combination of ecological methods and remote sensing technology will play an important role in wetland delineation at medium and small scales. The correct differentiation between wet meadow and grasslands is the key to improving the accuracy of future wetland delineation.

北京市森林康养旅游空间适宜性评价

在健康中国和乡村振兴战略大背景下,森林康养旅游在满足人们对自然需求的同时,为乡村旅游转型发展提供新思路。论文从舒适度、生态敏感性和开发条件3个维度构建了森林康养旅游空间适宜性评价指标体系,以森林康养旅游市场需求及发展潜力较大的北京市为例,结合多准则决策AHP方法与GIS空间分析工具进行定量评价及可视化分析。研究发现:①森林康养旅游空间适宜性评价指标体系的一级指标中,舒适度的重要性权重最高;二级指标中,重要性权重最高的是植被质量,优良的森林资源是森林康养旅游的首要条件。②北京市森林康养旅游空间适宜性水平由低到高分为Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级共4个等级,其中,Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级区域面积占适宜性等级区域总面积的53%,主要集聚在西北部山区。③从自然分区尺度分析,浅山区以Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级区域为主;深山区以Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级区域为主;就山区整体看,75%的Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级区域分布在深山区。平原地区为居民提供日常森林游憩空间,浅山区以标准化森林产品为主,深山区满足游客的个性化需求。④从行政区尺度分析,各行政区森林康养旅游空间适宜性等级分布不均衡,空间上呈现从西北向东南适宜性等级逐渐降低的趋势,延庆区、怀柔区、密云区可作为北京市森林康养旅游的优先发展区域。⑤在发展策略上,参考旅游资源对森林康养旅游空间分布的影响,延庆区探索“乡村民宿+冬季滑雪+长城文化”特色发展模式;怀柔区森林资源位居全市首位,打造“生活在森林中:绿色养生膳食+山居小镇+森林氧吧”的深度体验与“标准森林产品”结合的特色发展模式;密云区围绕密云水库打造“亲子游+山地温泉”的发展模式。研究结论可为森林康养旅游空间优化和乡村旅游高质量发展提供决策依据。

闪电河流域水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验

遥感试验是进行遥感原理的验证、遥感模型与反演方法的发展、遥感产品的真实性检验,推动卫星计划的论证实施及其观测在地球系统科学中应用的重要途径。闪电河流域水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验以滦河上游闪电河流域为核心试验区,以地球表层系统的水循环过程和能量平衡为研究对象,旨在通过天—空—地一体化的观测手段,针对不同典型地表类型开展全波段主被动协同遥感观测,研究异质地表和山地条件下像元尺度遥感关键参量的观测方案,研究重要水热参量的遥感方法及其同陆面/水文过程模型的结合,支撑国家民用空间基础设施和空间科学先导专项相关卫星计划的论证实施。其中,航空飞行遥感试验搭载L波段主被动一体化微波载荷、双角度热红外相机、四波段多光谱相机和高光谱成像仪进行协同观测,实现了土壤水分、组分温度、植被含水量、叶面积指数等地表参数以及湖泊、水库、湿地等的遥感监测;地面同步观测试验利用车载微波辐射计、地基雷达和光谱仪进行了典型地物如裸土、植被、水体、人工目标等的遥感观测,并按照样区—样方—样点的多尺度嵌套方案进行了地表参数的同步采样,获取了该地区关键地表参数的短时期时空变化特征;同时配合卫星和机载观测,在闪电河流域完成了土壤温湿度、地表水热通量、地表辐射四分量、降水等气象要素的地面观测网络的建设,为验证地表辐射/散射遥感模型,发展、优化和验证水热参量遥感反演算法,研究地表水热参量尺度效应与尺度转化问题提供了重要平台,将促进陆表能量与水分交换过程的理解及其对全球变化的作用和反馈机制的研究。

物种分布区特征及其对生物多样性保育的意义

物种分布区表征物种所能分布的最大面积和最大范围,是物种重要的生态学和进化学特征,是生态学和生物地理相关学科最基本和最重要的研究内容之一.近20年来,基于更精确的数据和更先进的分析技术,物种分布区研究非常繁荣.在不同尺度、区域和类群的研究发现,物种分布区差异巨大,小分布区的物种多于大分布区的物种,物种分布区特征受物种扩散能力、种群密度、个体大小、气候、地形及土壤等因子的影响.在将来的研究中,需要更精确的大尺度物种分布数据,以生物自然地理区为研究对象,来探索物种分布区的格局及成因.物种分布区可以作为物种濒危状况的一个指示特征,指导保育策略的制定,但是具体的应用方式还需要在典型物种和典型区域上进一步探索.

Mapping wetland changes in China between 1978 and 2008

Four wetland maps for all China have been produced,based on Landsat and CBERS-02B remote sensing data between 1978 and 2008 (1978,1990,2000 and 2008).These maps were mainly developed by manual interpretation and validated by substantial field investigation in 2009.Based on these maps,we analyzed the 2008 wetland distribution in China and discussed wetland changes and their drivers over the past 30 years.(i) There were about 324097 km 2 of wetlands in 2008,for which inland marshes or swamps were the most common wetland type (35%),with lakes (26%) second.Most of the wetlands were in Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia,Qinghai and Tibet,occupying about 55% of the national wetland area.(ii) From 1978 to 2008,China's wetland area continually and significantly decreased,by about 33% based on changes in the wetland map.This was in sharp contrast to the increase in artificial wetlands,which increased by about 122%.Inland marshes accounted for the main loss of total wetlands from 1978 to 2000.From 2000 through 2008,riverine and lacustrine wetlands constituted the main wetland loss.Fortunately however,the rate of wetland loss decreased from 5523 to 831 km 2 /a.(iii) The change ratio of lost natural wetlands (including inland and coastal wetlands) to non-wetlands has decreased slightly over the past 30 years.From 1978 to 1990,nearly all natural wetlands (98%) lost were transformed into non-wetlands.However,the ratio declined to 86% from 1990 to 2000,and to 77% from 2000 to 2008.(iv) All Chinese provinces were divided into three groups according to patterns of wetland changes,which could relate to the driving forces of such changes.Tibet was completely different from other provinces,as it was one representative example in which there was a net wetland increase,because of global warming and decreased human activity since 1990.Increased economic development caused considerable wetland loss in most eastern provinces,and artificial wetlands increased.

Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China

Wetlands have the most abundant biodiversity,the highest carbon sequestration capacity,and the highest values for ecological services per unit area,of all the world's ecosystems.Practice has shown that establishing reserves is the most effective way of protecting typical ecosystems and their biodiversity,and saving rare or endangered wildlife.The Chinese government's policy is to protect wetland systems by establishing reserves that encompass a massive network of wetlands,including wetland nature re-serves,internationally important wetlands,and wetland parks.Many are already established.The effect of protecting wetland nature reserves at the national level has not yet been reported.We used the latest database evaluating the protection value of wet-land reserves,and remotely sensed wetland maps(1978-2008) ,developed by the same mapping specialists and based on the same classification system,and related environmental data,to evaluate the effects of protecting China's national wetland reserves over the last 30 years.We conclude that(i) the total area of wetland in the national wetland reserves has decreased over the last 30 years to 8152.47 km2,and just 8% of China's net decrease in wetlands;(ii) about 79% of the 91 national wetland reserves are in a poor condition.These are generally located around the Yangtze River,Eastern Coast,the Three Rivers Source,and Southwest China.Protection measures should be undertaken urgently in these areas.Only 15% of national wetland reserves are under sound protection,and these are generally located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River;(iii) although 88% of national wetland re-serves are primitive(relatively natural) ,implying that the site selection has been scientific,a high percentage of national wetland reserves show early warning signs of decline and require urgent attention;(iv) based on our evaluation of protection effects and pressures on ecology,we have made a priority list of national wetland reserves,and propose several protection strategies.

Preliminary estimation of the organic carbon pool in China's wetlands

Accurate estimation of wetland carbon pools is a prerequisite for wetland resource conservation and implementation of carbon sink enhancement plans.The inventory approach is a realistic method for estimating the organic carbon pool in China's wetlands at the national scale.An updated data and inventory approach were used to estimate the amount of organic carbon stored in China's wetlands.Primary results are as follows:(1) the organic carbon pool of China's wetlands is between 5.39 and 7.25 Pg,accounting for 1.3%-3.5% of the global level;(2) the estimated values and percentages of the organic carbon contained in the soil,water and vegetation pools in China's wetlands are 5.04-6.19 Pg and 85.4%-93.5%,0.22-0.56 Pg and 4.1%-7.7%,0.13-0.50 Pg and 2.4%-6.9%,respectively.The soil organic carbon pool of China's wetlands is greater than our previous estimate of 3.67 Pg,but is lower than other previous estimates of 12.20 and 8-10 Pg.Based on the discussion and uncertainty analysis,some research areas worthy of future attention are presented.

The Evolution Pattern and Simulation of Land Use in the Beijing Municipal Administrative Center(Tongzhou District)

Beijing Municipal Administrative Center(Beijing MC)in Tongzhou District has inherited the non-capital core functions of Beijing’s central urban area,and its rapid construction and development urgently require a scientific understanding of the pattern of land use evolution in the region.This paper analyzes the pattern of land use evolution in Tongzhou District over the past 40 years,from 1980 to 2020.According to the historical evolutionary characteristics of land use and urban development planning goals,combined with the driving factors of cultural tourism development,the Future Land-use Simulation(FLUS)model is used to simulate the spatial distribution of land use in Beijing MC(Tongzhou District)in 2035 under three scenarios of urbanization acceleration,deceleration and sustainable development.The results show three major trends.(1)Beijing MC(Tongzhou District)is dominated by urban development and construction.During the high-speed urbanization stage from 1980 to 2010,the urban expansion pattern of“along the Sixth Ring Road and along the Grand Canal”was formed.During the low-speed urbanization stage from 2010 to 2020,the land distribution was stable,and Tongzhou District formed a pattern of urban-rural differentiation and land intensification from northwest to southeast.As a typical area of Tongzhou District’s urbanization,Beijing MC has the same characteristics of the temporal and spatial evolution as Tongzhou as a whole.(2)By 2035,there are significant differences in land use among the three scenarios with respect to the magnitude of change and spatial distribution.The area and distribution of ecological land under the urban sustainable development scenario are optimal,which is conducive to the realization of sustainable urban development.In analyzing the degree of conformity with the three Beijing MC zoning plans,the prediction simulation under the sustainable development scenario is highly consistent with the land use of the“Beijing Municipal Administrative Center Regulatory Detailed Planning(Block Level)(2016–2035)”(hereinafter referred to as“Planning”)issued by the municipal government.However,there are certain deviations between the simulation predictions in the cultural tourism function area and the livable living scenery area and the corresponding“Planning”expectations.During the urban construction process,the internal ecological land area still needs to be increased.(3)Tongzhou District may lack a close connection between the urban and rural areas in the southeast.Potential risks such as the imbalance in the development of northern and southern townships require further attention in the development process.The prediction and simulation results of the model can provide certain data and methodological support for the construction of a harmonious and livable city in Beijing MC(Tongzhou District).

Net Horizontal Payments for Ecosystem Services: An Application in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China

Payments for ecosystem services(PES) are one kind of important tool for environmental protection, and have been widely studied by international scholars and conservationists. Based various definitions of PES from recent articles, we have outlined four principles for PES: parity, measurability, additionality and conditionality, and then have used these principles to develop a formula to calculate a standard for PES. Finding a way to use PES to achieve a win-win relationship between economic growth and environmental protection in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region(BTHR) is a key task for Chinese government. Synergetic development of BTHR has become a national strategy, like The Belt and Road Initiative. This article employed the formula we developed to calculate the net horizontal PES amounts that each provincial government within BTHR should pay. Our findings show that Beijing should have paid 10.44×10~9 Yuan(0.4% of Beijing’s GRP) and Tianjin 16.56×109 Yuan(0.93% of Tianjin’s GRP) to Hebei in 2016.