The process and mechanism for cesium and rubidium extraction with saponified 4-tert-butyl-2-(a-methylbenzyl) phenol

Cesium(Cs)and rubidium(Rb)separation from brine is an important and application-oriented topic.4-tert-butyl-2-(a-methylbenzyl)phenol(t-BAMBP)has been used for Cs and Rb extraction.However,the traditional extraction technology is base and acid consumed.In the present work,an innovative process for Cs and Rb extraction with t-BAMBP is developed,which consists of saponification,extraction,scrubbing and stripping.Both infrared spectrum and electrostatic potential analysis indicate the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxyl is dissociated from t-BAMBP during saponification and the oxygen of phenolic hydroxyl is the binding site for alkali metal ions.Saponified organic phase shows an excellent extraction effect for Cs^(+)and Rb^(+).The extraction reaches equilibrium in 5 min,with 99.5%Cs^(+)and 46.7%Rb^(+)are loaded into the organic phase in the single-stage extraction.Slope method indicates the structure of the extraction complex is MOR·3ROH(M=Cs^(+),Rb^(+),K^(+)),where the electrostatic attraction between M^(+)and the oxygen of phenolic hydroxyl is dominant,and the cation–p interaction has a significant effect also.The extraction complex of MOR·3ROH dissociates in the acid environment while scrubbing and stripping is completed.The Cs^(+)and Rb^(+)are separated from the mixture phase,the proton H bonds to the phenolic hydroxyl group,and the extractant is regenerated.

Yoctonewton force detection based on optically levitated oscillator

Optically levitated oscillators in high vacuum have excellent environmental isolation and low mass compared with conventional solid-state sensors,which makes them suitable for ultrasensitive force detection.The force resolution usually scales with the measurement bandwidth,which represents the ultimate detection capability of the system under ideal conditions if sufficient time is provided for measurement.However,considering the stability of a real system,a method based on the Allan variance is more reliable to evaluate the actual force detection performance.In this study,a levitated optomechanical system with a force detection sensitivity of 6.33±1.62 zN/Hz^(1/2)was demonstrated.And for the first time,the Allan variance was introduced to evaluate the system stability due to the force sensitivity fluctuations.The force detection resolution of 166.40±55.48 yN was reached at the optimal measurement time of 2751 s.The system demonstrated in this work has the best force detection performance in both sensitivity and resolution that have been reported so far for optically levitated particles.The reported high-sensitivity force detection system is an excellent candidate for the exploration of new physics such as fifth force searching,high-frequency gravitational waves detection,dark matter research and so on.

Nanoscale electric field sensing using a levitated nano-resonator with net charge

The nanomechanical resonator based on a levitated particle exhibits unique advantages in the development of ultrasensitive electric field detectors. We demonstrate a three-dimensional, high-sensitivity electric field measurement technology using the optically levitated nanoparticle with known net charge. By scanning the relative position between nanoparticle and parallel electrodes, the three-dimensional electric field distribution with microscale resolution is obtained. The measured noise equivalent electric intensity with charges of 100e reaches the order of 1 μV·cm^(-1)·Hz^(-1/2)at 1.4 × 10^(-7) mbar. Linearity analysis near resonance frequency shows a measured linear range over 91 d B limited only by the maximum output voltage of the driving equipment. This work may provide an avenue for developing a high-sensitivity electric field sensor based on an optically levitated nano-resonator.

Actual Sensing Sensitivity and SNR Measurement of Optical Tweezers Based on Coulomb Force Input

Sensing sensitivity is the key performance of optical tweezers.By adjusting the frequency and magnitude of an applied Coulomb force as an input of optical tweezers,we directly measured the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of a system and indirectly calculated the actual noise magnitude.Combined with an output filter,the relationship between the SNR and bandwidths was studied.We established the simulation model of a system using Simulink and simulated the relationship between the SNR and magnitude of the input forces and filter bandwidths.In addition,we built an experimental system to determine the relationship between the SNR and the magnitude of the input forces and filter bandwidths.The actual minimum detectable force was measured as 1.8275×10^(-17)N at a 1Hz bandwidth.The experimental results were correlated with the simulation and theoretical results,confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method and demonstrating the high sensitivity of vacuum optical tweezers as mechanical sensors.We proposed a novel method of calibration and measurement of system sensing parameters by applying an actual force that was more direct and precise than the theoretical calculation method that requires accurate fitting parameters,such as the particle radius and density.This method can be employed to analyze the system noise and phase characteristics to confirm and improve the real performance of the system.