Enhancing multifunctional photocatalysis with acetate-assisted cesium doping and unlocking the potential of Z-scheme solar water splitting

Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))has been extensively doped with alkali metals to enlarge photocatalytic output,in which cesium(Cs)doping is predicted to be the most efficient.Nevertheless,the sluggish diffusion and doping kinetics of precursors with high melting points,along with imprecise regulation,have raised the debate on whether Cs doping could make sense.For this matter,we attempt to confirm the positive effects of Cs doping on multifunctional photocatalysis by first using cesium acetate with the character of easy manipulation.The optimized Csdoped g-C_(3)N_(4)(CCN)shows a 41.6-fold increase in visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)compared to pure g-C_(3)N_(4) and impressive degradation capability,especially with 77%refractory tetracycline and almost 100%rhodamine B degradedwithin an hour.The penetration ofCs+is demonstrated to be a mode of interlayer doping,and Cs–N bonds(especially with sp^(2) pyridine N in C═N–C),along with robust chemical interaction and electron exchange,are fabricated.This atomic configuration triggers the broadened spectral response,the improved charge migration,and the activated photocatalytic capacity.Furthermore,we evaluate the CCN/cadmium sulfide hybrid as a Z-scheme configuration,promoting the visible HER yield to 9.02 mmol g^(−1) h^(−1),which is the highest ever reported among all CCN systems.This work adds to the rapidly expanding field of manipulation strategies and supports further development of mediating served for photocatalysis.

Preface to the Special Issue on the Celebration of the 60th Anniversary of Dedicating to Scientific Research of Prof.Zhanguo Wang

Prof.Zhanguo Wang,a world-famous semiconductor materials physicist,was born on December 29,1938,in Zhenping County,Henan Province,China.After graduating from the Department of Physics,Nankai University in 1962,he joined the Institute of Semiconductors,Chinese Academy of Sciences,until now.Prof.Wang has made outstanding achievements in the field of semiconductor materials and material physics.He has engaged in the study of the irradiation effect of silicon solar cells used in artificial satellites and the devices/modules in nuclear transient irradiation in his early career,which significantly contributed to the realization of atomic/hydrogen bombs and artificial satellites in China.Prof.Wang joined the Department of Solid State Physics,the University of Lund,from 1980 to 1983,where he worked on deep energy level physics and photoluminescence studies of semiconductors.He and collaborators developed a new method to identify whether the two-deep levels within a bandgap are coupled,thus solving the longexisting argument for the nature of gold-related donors and acceptors in silicon and A and B deep levels in liquid phase epitaxy grown GaAs.

Advances in the Application of Perovskite Materials

Nowadays, the soar of photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells has set off a fever in the study of metal halide perovskite materials. The excellent optoelectronic properties and defect tolerance feature allow metal halide perovskite to be employed in a wide variety of applications. This article provides a holistic review over the current progress and future prospects of metal halide perovskite materials in representative promising applications, including traditional optoelectronic devices(solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, lasers), and cutting-edge technologies in terms of neuromorphic devices(artificial synapses and memristors) and pressure-induced emission. This review highlights the fundamentals, the current progress and the remaining challenges for each application, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the development status and a navigation of future research for metal halide perovskite materials and devices.

Recent progress and future prospect of novel multi-ion storage devices

Rechargeable batteries,especially lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),have made rapid development since the 21st century,greatly facilitating people's lives[1−6].Based on considerations of cost and existing problems(such as safety issues due to LIBs stacking strategy and unsatisfactory performance for various applications),researchers have explored alternative technologies to LIBs to meet the needs for wide application scenarios[5].Among them,multi-ion storage devices such as dual-ion batteries(DIBs)and metal-ion hybrid capacitors(MIHCs)are considered promising alternative energy storage devices of LIBs due to their unique multi-ion storage mechanism.In a multi-ion storage device,cations and anions carry charges back and forth between the electrolyte and the electrodes at the same time,unlike the rocking chair mechanism of LIBs[7].Generally,the anodes of DIBs and MIHCs work in a similar mechanism to LIBs,storing charge through redox reactions.The main difference among them is the mechanism of the cathodes during charging and discharging[8].In DIBs,the battery-type cathode stores anions through the Faraday reaction.

Micro-nano structural electrode architecture for high power energy storage

The necessity and superiorities of micro-nano structural electrodes toward high power:Electrochemical energy storage(EES)technologies have achieved great success in portable electronics and electric vehicles owing to their environmental friendliness and cost effectiveness.With the promotional concepts such as the Internet of Things and ultra-high efficiency self-powered systems in recent years,there are substantial demand for superior EES systems,including but not limited to high-performance,miniaturization and multifunction[1−4].In a particular EES cell,active materials are carried by electrodes as the basic building blocks of energy storage or release.Material innovation(includes composition,structure,size and morphology)has revealed remarkable energy density,power density and lifespan for associated devices in the lab setting of low mass loading slurry-coating electrodes[5].

An in-depth understanding of photophysics in organic photocatalysts

The urgent need to replace conventional fossil fuels with clean energy has stimulated a large number of research efforts on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution[1−4].Alternatively,organic semiconductors with tunable light absorption,well-positioned band edges,and excellent charge separation are highly expected[5−8].Conventionally,a semiconductor material with a wide band gap has a larger exciton binding energy,while a semiconductor material with a narrow band gap has a smaller exciton binding energy[9].Since smaller exciton binding energies are favorable for exciton separation,choosing a semiconductor with a suitable bandgap seems to be the first step toward high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency.The tunable light-harvesting ability determines the advantage and potential of organic semiconductors as photocatalysts.However,the insufficient external quantum efficiency(EQE)and the un-derlying photophysical mechanism remain restricting the orientation toward industrialization[10].

State-of-the-art advances in vacancy defect engineering of graphitic carbon nitride for solar water splitting

Developing low-cost,efficient,and stable photocatalysts is one of the most promising methods for large-scale solar water splitting.As a metal-free semiconductor material with suitable band gap,graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))has attracted attention in the field of photocatalysis,which is mainly attributed to its fascinating physicochemical and photoelectronic properties.However,several inherent limitations and shortcomings—involving high recombination rate of photocarriers,insufficient reaction kinetics,and optical absorption—impede the practical applicability of g-C_(3)N_(4).As an effective strategy,vacancy defect engineering has been widely used for breaking through the current limitations,considering its ability to optimize the electronic structure and surface morphology of g-C_(3)N_(4) to obtain the desired photocatalytic activity.This review summarizes the recent progress of vacancy defect engineered g-C_(3)N_(4) for solar water splitting.The fundamentals of solar water splitting with g-C_(3)N_(4) are discussed first.We then focus on the fabrication strategies and effect of vacancy generated in g-C_(3)N_(4).The advances of vacancy-modified g-C_(3)N_(4) photocatalysts toward solar water splitting are discussed next.Finally,the current challenges and future opportunities of vacancy-modified g-C_(3)N_(4) are summarized.This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for future research on the design and development of highly efficient defective g-C_(3)N_(4).

Stress and Strain in Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

Tandem solar cells based on metal halide perovskites are advancing rapidly during last few years[1–17].The certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)for monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell reaches 32.5%[18].Since tandem solar cells contain more layers than single-junction solar cells,stress/strain control is an issue during fabrication and further practical operation.The stress can not only affect the stability of the perovskite layer but also change the optoelectronic properties of the films[19–23].

中国非小细胞肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗专家共识(2020年版)

非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)是肺癌最常见的病理类型。晚期NSCLC的系统性抗肿瘤治疗经历了化疗、靶向治疗及免疫治疗的变革,患者总体生存时间不断延长。免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs),尤其是程序性死亡分子-1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡分子配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)抗体已成为表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)/间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)阴性晚期NSCLC一线及二线的标准治疗和局部晚期NSCLC同步放化疗后标准治疗,并在辅助/新辅助治疗中显示出可喜的结果,改变了NSCLC整体治疗格局。随着越来越多的ICIs在国内获批肺癌适应证,中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,CSCO)NSCLC专家委员会牵头,组织该领域的专家,结合2019年版专家共识,参考最新国内外文献、临床研究数据及系统评价,在专家共同讨论的基础上,达成统一意见并制定、更新本共识,为国内同行更好地应用ICIs治疗NSCLC提供参考意见。

First-line pemetrexed-platinum doublet chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer: A real-world propensity score-matched study in China

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of first-line bevacizumab(Bev)-containing pemetrexedplatinum chemotherapy in a real-world Chinese cohort with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer(NS-NSCLC).Methods: A total of 415 eligible patients with NS-NSCLC who received first-line pemetrexed-platinum chemotherapy at National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College between February 2010 and September 2017 were reviewed retrospectively: 309 Bev(-) and 106 Bev(+) cases. Bev was administered at 7.5 mg/kg every 3 weeks in the Bev(+) group. To reduce the risk of a selection bias, a propensity score-matching(PSM) was conducted and 105 pairs of Bev(-) and Bev(+) cases were identified.Results: The median duration of follow-up was 15.8 months. The median progression-free survival(PFS) was prolonged significantly in the Bev(+) group than in the Bev(-) group in overall(9.8 vs. 7.8 months, P=0.006) and PSM pairs(9.8 vs. 6.6 months, P<0.001). Moreover, patients receiving maintenance therapy with pemetrexed plus Bev had longer PFS than those interrupted after induction chemotherapy, or those receiving mono-maintenance with pemetrexed(12.3 vs. 4.8 vs. 8.6 months;P<0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed Bev to be one of the favorable prognostic factors for PFS, along with the predictor of maintenance therapy.Conclusions: First-line induction and maintenance therapy with Bev(7.5 mg/kg every 3 weeks) combined with pemetrexed-platinum chemotherapy was efficacious and superior to non-Bev chemotherapy in Chinese patients with advanced NS-NSCLC.

Changes in sediment discharge in a sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010: implications for further soil erosion control

The well-documented decrease in the discharge of sediment into the Yellow River has attracted considerable attention in recent years. The present study analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of sediment yield based on data from 46 hydrological stations in the sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010. The results showed that since 1970 sediment yield in the region has clearly decreased at different rates in the 45 sub-areas controlled by hydrological stations. The decrease in sediment yield was closely related to the intensity and extent of soil erosion control measures and rainstorms that occurred in different periods and sub-areas. The average sediment delivery modulus（SDM） in the study area decreased from 7,767.4 t/（km^2·a） in 1951–1969 to 980.5 t/（km^2·a） in 2000–2010. Our study suggested that 65.5% of the study area with the SDM below 1,000 t/（km^2·a） is still necessary to control soil deterioration caused by erosion, and soil erosion control measures should be further strengthened in the areas with the SDM above 1,000 t/（km^2·a）.

The application of perovskite materials in solar water splitting

Solar water splitting is a promising strategy for sustainable production of renewable hydrogen,and solving the crisis of energy and environment in the world.However,large-scale application of this method is hampered by the efficiency and the expense of the solar water splitting systems.Searching for non-toxic,low-cost,efficient and stable photocatalysts is an important way for solar water splitting.Due to the simplicity of structure and the flexibility of composition,perovskite based photocatalysts have recently attracted widespread attention for application in solar water splitting.In this review,the recent developments of perovskite based photocatalysts for water splitting are summarized.An introduction including the structures and properties of perovskite materials,and the fundamentals of solar water splitting is first provided.Then,it specifically focuses on the strategies for designing and modulating perovskite materials to improve their photocatalytic performance for solar water splitting.The current challenges and perspectives of perovskite materials in solar water splitting are also reviewed.The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings and developments of perovskite based photocatalysts and provide some useful guidance for the future research on the design and development of highly efficient perovskite based photocatalysts and the relevant systems for water splitting.

Scalable fabrication of geometry-tunable self-aligned superlattice photonic crystals for spectrum-programmable light trapping

Superlattice photonic crystals (SPhCs) possess considerablepotentials as building blocks for constructing high-performancedevices because of their great flexibilities in opticalmanipulation. From the prospective of practical applications,scalable fabrication of SPhCs with large-area uniformity and precisegeometrical controllability has been considered as one prerequisitebut still remains a challenge.

Recent development in electronic structure tuning of graphitic carbon nitride for highly efficient photocatalysis

The utilization of solar energy to drive energy conversion and simultaneously realize pollutant degradation via pho-tocatalysis is one of most promising strategies to resolve the global energy and environment issues.During the past decade,graphite carbon nitride(g-C3N4)has attracted dramatically growing attention for solar energy conversion due to its excellent physicochemical properties as a photocatalyst.However,its practical application is still impeded by several limitations and short-comings,such as high recombination rate of charge carriers,low visible-light absorption,etc.As an effective solution,the elec-tronic structure tuning of g-C_(3)N_(4)has been widely adopted.In this context,firstly,the paper critically focuses on the different strategies of electronic structure tuning of g-C_(3)N_(4)like vacancy modification,doping,crystallinity modulation and synthesis of a new molecular structure.And the recent progress is reviewed.Finally,the challenges and future trends are summarized.

Boron-doped Ⅲ–Ⅴ semiconductors for Si-based optoelectronic devices

Optoelectronic devices on silicon substrates are essential not only to the optoelectronic integrated circuit but also to low-cost lasers,large-area detectors,and so forth.Although heterogeneous integration of III-V semiconductors on Si has been welldeveloped,the thermal dissipation issue and the complicated fabrication process still hinders the development of these devices.The monolithic growth of III-V materials on Si has also been demonstrated by applying complicated buffer layers or interlayers.On the other hand,the growth of lattice-matched B-doped group-III-V materials is an attractive area of research.However,due to the difficulty in growth,the development is still relatively slow.Herein,we present a comprehensive review of the recent achievements in this field.We summarize and discuss the conditions and mechanisms involved in growing B-doped group-III-V materials.The unique surface morphology,crystallinity,and optical properties of the epitaxy correlating with their growth conditions are discussed,along with their respective optoelectronic applications.Finally,we detail the obstacles and challenges to exploit the potential for such practical applications fully.

Tunable crystal structure of Cu-Zn-Sn-S nanocrystals for improving photocatalytic hydrogen evolution enabled by copper element regulation

Hydrogen energy is a powerful and efficient energy resource,which can be produced by photocatalytic water split-ting.Among the photocatalysis,multinary copper-based chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals exhibit great potential due to their tunable crystal structures,adjustable optical band gap,eco-friendly,and abundant resources.In this paper,Cu-Zn-Sn-S(CZTS)nanocrystals with different Cu content have been synthesized by using the one-pot method.By regulating the surface ligands,the reaction temperature,and the Cu content,kesterite and hexagonal wurtzite CZTS nanocrystals were obtained.The critical factors for the controllable transition between two phases were discussed.Subsequently,a series of quatern-ary CZTS nanocrystals with different Cu content were used for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.And their band gap,energy level structure,and charge transfer ability were compared comprehensively.As a result,the pure hexagonal wurtzite CZTS nano-crystals have exhibited an improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity.

Realizing super-long Cu_2O nanowires arrays for high-efficient water splitting applications with a convenient approach

Nanowire(NW) structures is an alternative candidate for constructing the next generation photoelectrochemical water splitting system, due to the outstanding optical and electrical properties. NW photoelectrodes comparing to traditional semiconductor photoelectrodes shows the comparatively shorter transfer distance of photo-induced carriers and the increase amount of the surface reaction sites, which is beneficial for lowering the recombination probability of charge carriers and improving their photoelectrochemical(PEC) performances. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that super-long Cu_2O NWs, more than 4.5 μm,with highly efficient water splitting performance, were synthesized using a cost-effective anodic alumina oxide(AAO) template method. In comparison with the photocathode with planar Cu_2O films, the photocathode with Cu_2O NWs demonstrates a significant enhancement in photocurrent, from –1.00 to –2.75 mA/cm^2 at –0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl. After optimization of the photoelectrochemical electrode through depositing Pt NPs with atomic layer deposition(ALD) technology on the Cu_2O NWs, the plateau of photocurrent has been enlarged to –7 mA/cm^2 with the external quantum yield up to 34% at 410 nm. This study suggests that the photoelectrode based on Cu_2O NWs is a hopeful system for establishing high-efficiency water splitting system under visible light.

Engineering the photoelectrochemical behaviors of ZnO for efficient solar water splitting

Solar water splitting is a promising strategy for the sustainable production of renewable hydrogen and solving the world’s crisis of energy and environment.The third-generation direct bandgap semiconductor of zinc oxide(ZnO)with properties of environmental friendliness and high efficiency for various photocatalytic reactions,is a suitable material for photoanodes because of its appropriate band structure,fine surface structure,and high electron mobility.However,practical applications of ZnO are usually limited by its high recombination rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs,lack of surface reaction force,inadequate visible light response,and intrinsic photocorrosion.Given the lack of review on ZnO’s application in photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting,this paper reviews ZnO’s research progress in PEC water splitting.It commences with the basic principle of PEC water splitting and the structure and properties of ZnO.Then,we explicitly describe the related strategies to solve the above problems of ZnO as a photoanode,including morphology control,doping modification,construction of heterostructure,and the piezo-photoelectric enhancement of ZnO.This review aims to comprehensively describe recent findings and developments of ZnO in PEC water splitting and to provide a useful reference for the further application and development of ZnO nanomaterials in highly efficient PEC water splitting.

Automatic Quality Inspection of Bakery Products Based on Shape and Color Information

An automatic intelligent system for the colour and texture inspection of bakery products is proposed.In this system,advance classification technique featuring Support Vector Machine and biologically inspired HMAX based shape descriptor integrated with biologically plausible RGB Opponent-Colour-Channel Descriptor is used to classify bakery products to their respective classes based on the shape and based on their colour referring to different baking durations. The results of this paper are compared with other methods for the automatic bakery products inspection. It is discovered that biologically inspired computer vision models performs accurately and efficiently as compared to the computer vision models which are not biologically plausible,in the bakery products quality inspection. It is also discovered that the One Versus One SVM and Directed Acyclic Graph SVM acquired the maximum accurate classification rate. The proposed method acquired classification accuracy of 95% and 100% for the biscuit shape and biscuit colour recognition,respectively. The proposed method is also consistently stable and invariant. This shows that the biologically inspired computer vision models have the capability to replace existing inspection methods as more reliable and accurate alternative.

A phase I study of nimotuzumab plus docetaxel in chemotherapy- refractory/resistant patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

Background： To determine the safety and therapeutic efficacy of nimotuzumab （h-R3） combined with docetaxel in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer （NSCLC） patients who have failed to respond to prior first-line chemotherapy. Methods： In this single-center, open-label, dose-escalating phase I trial, patients with epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR）-expressing stage IV NSCLC were treated with nimotuzumab plus doeetaxel according to a dose escalation schedule. The safety and efficacy of the combination treatment were observed and analyzed.Results： There were 12 patients with EGFR-expressing stage IV NSCLC enrolled. The dose of nimotuzumab was escalated from 200 to 600 mg/week. The longest administration of study drug was 40 weeks at the 600 mg/week dose level. Grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ toxicities included neutropenia and fatigue, and other toxicities included rash. Dose-limiting toxicity occurred with Grade 3 fatigue at the 200 mg dose level of nimotuzumab and Grade 4 neutropenia with pneumonia at the 600 mg dose level of nimotuzumab. No objective responses were observed, and stable disease was observed in eight patients （66.7%）. The median progression-free survival （PFS） was 4.4 months in all patients, 1.3 months in patients with the EGFR mutation, and 4.4 months in those with wild type EGFR （EGFR WT）. The median survival time （MST） was 21.1 months in all patients, 21.1 months in patients with EGFR mutation, and 26.4 months in patients with EGFR WT. Conclusions： Nimotuzumab and docetaxel combination therapy was found to be well tolerated and efficacious. Further study of nimotuzumab is warranted in advanced NSCLC patients.