Inhibition of proliferation,migration,and invasiveness of bladder cancer cells through SAPCD2 knockdown

Introduction:Bladder cancer(BC)has a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide.Suppressor anaphasepromoting complex domain containing 2(SAPCDC2)is over-expressed in a variety of tumors.Objectives:This study investigated the effects of SAPCD2 knockdown on BC cells.Methods:T24 and UMUC3 cell models and the xenografted BC tumor model with SAPCD2 knockdown were established to observe the malignant phenotype of BC cells by cell counting kit-8 assay,colony formation test,wound healing,and Transwell assay,mRNA and proteins expressions were measured with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,western blotting,and tissue immunohistochemistry.Lithium chloride agonist on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was used to clarify the molecular mechanism of SAPCD2 knockdown.Results:SAPCD2 expression was significantly higher in BC cell lines than in SVHUC-1 cells.SAPCD2 knockdown inhibited viability and cloning,hindered the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle in UMUC3 and T24 cells,and decreased the migration and invasiveness of BC cells.SAPCD2 knockdown inhibited expression levels of cyclin D1,cyclin B1,N-cadherin,vimentin,Snail,β-catenin,c-Myc,and cyclin-dependent kinase 4,while the P21 and E-cadherin were raised by SAPCD2 knockdown.Furthermore,lithium chloride reversed the effects of SAPCD2 knockdown on the expression levels of the above proteins in UMUC3 and T24 cells.In vivo,SAPCD2 knockdown inhibited the volume,weight,and expression of Ki-67 andβ-catenin in tumors and increased the E-cadherin expression.Conclusion:SAPCD2 knockdown inhibits the malignant phenotype of BC via a pathway involvingβ-catenin.

Shape-selective alkylation of benzene with ethylene over a core–shell ZSM-5@MCM-41 composite material

A series of ZSM-5@MCM-41 core-shell composite materials prepared via a multi-cycle-sol-gel coating strategy is investigated as the catalyst for benzene alkylation with ethylene,in which both ethylbenzene and para-diethylbenzene(p-DEB)are aimed as the target products.With multi-cycle-sol-gel coating,the external acid sites on the samples are gradually passivated by the inert MCM-41 shell.As a result,the shape selectivity to p-DEB is greatly enhanced.Nevertheless,the coating of mesoporous MCM-41 shell on ZSM-5 accelerates deactivation of the catalyst only due to the dilution effect of ZSM-5 content in the catalyst at the same space velocity,which is a reason that core-shell ZSM-5@MCM-41 will potentially be a practical catalyst in shape selective alkylation of benzene.In order to enhance the yield of p-DEB on ZSM-5@MCM-41,the reaction conditions at the fixed bed reactor including temperature,the molar rate of benzene to ethylene and GHSV,are also optimized.

Effect of external surface of HZSM-5 zeolite on product distribution in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons

The external surface of HZSM-5 zeolite was passivated by liquid siliceous deposition and by acidic sites poisoning with lepidine, respectively. Then methanol-to-hydrocarbons （MTH） reaction was investigated over the above as-prepared catalysts and the dissoluble coke on these used catalysts was analyzed by GC-MS, to study the role of the external surface of HZSM-5 in the catalytic reaction. Comparison with the experi- mental results based on parent ZSM-5 showed that the product distribution of MTH reaction was obviously influenced by the external surface. Evidences were listed as follows： （1） the final product on parent HZSM-5 showed higher aromatic selectivity, lower olefin selectivity, lower ra- tio of C2/C3＋ aliphatics and higher ratio of C3/C4＋ aliphatics than the reaction mixture produced by the sole catalysis of acidic sites in HZSM-5 channel; （2） a little of pentamethylbenzene and hexamethylbenzene in the product on parent HZSM-5, was produced via multi-methylation of methylbenzene on the external surface. The above conclusion may also be suitable for MTH reaction over other zeolites with 10-ring channel.

Enhancing the side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol to styrene over the Cs-modified X zeolite by the assistance of basic picoline as a co-catalyst

Side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol is a green pathway to realize the one-step production of styrene under mild conditions,but the low selectivity of styrene is difficult to be improved with by-products of ethylbenzene and xylene.In this study,a new way is introduced to improve the catalytic performance by means of assisting basic compounds as co-catalysts during the toluene side-chain alkylation with methanol to styrene.As a result,high activity of side-chain alkylation appears over the basic Cs-modified zeolite catalysts prepared by ion exchange and impregnation methods.This high performance should be mainly attributed to two co-catalysis actions:(1)the promotion of basic compounds for methanol dehydrogenation to formaldehyde as the intermediate for side-chain alkylation;(2)the suppression of the styrene transfer hydrogenation on basic Cs-modified zeolites to avoid the formation of ethylbenzene.Especially for Cs_(2)O/CsX-ex catalyst,the addition of 2%mol/mol 2-picoline in reaction mixture could achieve both 12.3%toluene conversion and 84.1%styrene selectivity.Whereas the higher concentration of 2-picoline(>6%mol/mol)caused an inhibition to the catalytic activity because the excessive basic compound poisoned the combined acid-base pathway required for the side-chain alkylation process.In addition,two possible side-chain alkylation reaction routes on Cs-modified zeolite under the different 2-picoline absorption were described.

Structural and temporal dynamics analysis on drug-eluting stents: History, research hotspots and emerging trends

Purpose:This review aims to explore the history,research hotspots,and emerging trends of drug-eluting stents(DES)in the last two decades from the perspective of structural and temporal dynamics.Methods:Publications on DES were retrieved from WoSCC.The bibliometric tools including CiteSpace and HistCite were used to identify the historical features,the evolution of active topics,and emerging trends on the DES field.Results:In the last 20 years,the field of DES is still in the hot phase and there is a wide range of extensive scientific collaborations.In addition,active topics emerge in different periods,as evidenced by a total of 41 disciplines,511 keywords,and 1377 papers with citation bursts.Keyword clustering anchored five emerging research subfields,namely#0 dual antiplatelet therapy,#3 drug-coated balloon,#4 bifurcation,5#rotational atherectomy,and 6#quantitative flow ratio.The keyword alluvial map shows that the most persistent research concepts in this field are thrombosis,restenosis,etc.,and the emerging keywords are paclitaxel eluting balloon,coated balloon,drug-eluting balloon,etc.There are 7 recent research subfields anchored by reference clustering,namely#2 dual antiplatelet therapy,#4 drug-coated balloon,#5 peripheral artery disease,#8 fractional flow reserve,#10 bioresorbable vascular scaffold,#13 intravascular ultrasound,#14 biodegradable polymer.Conclusion:The findings based on the bibliometric studies provide the current status and trends in DES research and may help researchers to identify hot topics and explore new research directions in this field.

Type I photosensitizer based on AIE chromophore tricyano-methylene-pyridine for photodynamic therapy

Image guided photodynamic therapy(PDT)combines fluorescence tracing and phototherapy,which can achieve a more accurate and effective treatment effect.However,traditional photosensitizers are limited by the aggregation-caused fluorescence quenching(ACQ)effect and low reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation in a hypoxic environment,resulting in poor imaging and treatment effect.Herein,we report a tricyano-methylene-pyridine(TCM)-based Type I aggregation-induced emission(AIE)photosensitizer(TCM-MBP),the strong elec-tron acceptance(D-A)effect extends the wavelength to near-infrared(NIR)region to reduce the autofluorescence interference,and oxygen atoms provide lone pair electrons to enhance the inter system crossing(ISC)rate,thereby promoting the generation of more triplet states to produce ROS.The AIE photosensitizer TCM-MBP exhibited low oxygen dependence,NIR emission,and higher ROS production compared to commercially avail-able Ce_(6) and RB.After encapsulation with DSPE-PEG 2000,TCM-MBP nanoparticles(TCM-MBP NPs)could penetrate to visualize cells and efficiently kill cancer cells upon light irradiation.This study provides an oxygen-independent AIE photosensitizer,which has great potential to replace the commercial ACQ photosensitizers.

Influence of Metallic Modification on Ethylbenzene Dealkylation over ZSM-5 Zeolites

A series of metal-modified HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by impregnation and were used for ethylbenzene dealkylation of the mixed C8 aromatics(ethylbenzene,m-xylene and o-xylene).The effects of different supported metals(Pt,Pd,Ni,Mo)on catalytic performance,including reaction conditions,were investigated.The physicochemical properties of catalysts were characterized by means of XRD,BET,TEM and NH_(3)-TPD.Experimental results showed that metallic modification obviously increased the ethylbenzene conversion and reduced the coke deposition,greatly improving the catalyst stability.The distinction of ethylbenzene conversion depended on the interaction between hydrogenation reactivity and acidic cracking of bifunctional metal-modified zeolites.Compared with Pt and Ni,Pd and Mo were easier to disperse into HZSM-5 micropores during loading metals.The acidic density of different metal-modified HZSM-5 declined in the following order:HZSM-5>Pt/HZSM-5>Pd/HZSM-5>Ni/HZSM-5>Mo/HZSM-5.The activity of ethylene hydrogenation decreased with Pt/HZSM-5>Pd/HZSM-5>Ni/HZSM-5>Mo/HZSM-5.In comparison,Pd/HZSM-5 showed the best catalytic performance with both high activity and high selectivity,with less cracking loss of m-xylene and o-xylene.Moreover,the following reaction conditions were found to be preferable for ethylbenzene dealkylation over Pd/HZSM-5:340℃,1.5 MPa H2,WHSV 4 h^(−1),H_(2)/C84 mol/mol.

Catalytic Performance of Modified HMCM-22 Catalysts in Xylene Isomerization

HMCM-22 catalysts modified with La203 （5% La） and MgO （≈0.87% Mg） were prepared respectively by impregnation method, and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 physical ad- sorption-desorption and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3. The effect of supported metallic oxides （La203, MgO） on catalytic performance in xylene isomerization of C8 aromatics （ethylbenzene, m-xylene and o-xylene） was investigated in detail. The experimental results showed that 5% LaJHMCM-22 catalyst had higher isomerization activity and stronger shape-selectivity than 0.87% Mg/HMCM-22 catalyst, owing to its more acid sites and smaller pore size. And the loading amount of La was optimized to be about 7%. Moreover, supporting metal over 7% La/HMCM-22, respectively with 0.3% Pt, 3% Ni and 3% Mo, was carried out to prepare bifunction- al isomerization catalysts. In comparison, 3% Mo/7% La/HMCM-22 showed the best catalytic performance with both high activity and high selectivity, with the low hydrocracking of m-xylene and o-xylene. Besides, the op- timal reaction conditions were found： 340℃, 1.5 MPa H2, WHSV 4 h^-1 and H2/C8 4 mol/mol. Under the above conditions, ethylbenzene conversion was up to 20%, para-selectivity was over 23% with low xylene loss of 2.9%.

Spatiotemporal Visualization of Cell Membrane with Amphiphilic Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Sensor

High-fidelity spatiotemporal monitoring of the cell membrane is critically important.However,commercial fluorescence probes are stalked by the aggregation-caused quenching(ACQ)effect,and the reported aggregation-induced emission(AIE)-active probes are always limited by nonspecific aggregations in the biological environment.Herein,we report the rational molecular design of a stateof-the-art amphiphilic AIE luminogen(AIEgen),membrane tracker QMC12,using a core quinolinemalononitrile(QM)structure to suppress the ACQ effect,incorporate a positively charged pyridinium to regulate dispersity and strengthen the binding affinity to the negatively charged cell membrane,and extend the alky chain to improve the anchoring ability to the cell membrane.The membrane tracker QMC12,which disperses well in both hydrophilic and lipophilic environments,not only achieves minimal background interference and high signal-to-noise(S/N)ratio in the“ultrafast”visualization of the cell membrane,but also endows a“wash-free”characteristic.Furthermore,it realizes a spatial three dimensional(3D)view in a multicellular spheroid model and morphology changes over time.Moreover,QMC12 avoids false staining and signal loss and unprecedentedly achieves the direct observation of the cell membrane’s microstructure,which could elucidate spatiotemporal 3D model studies of the intercellular information exchange.

An AIE-based enzyme-activatable fluorescence indicator for Western blot assay:Quantitative expression of proteins with reproducible stable signal and wide linear range

Western blot is a commonly used experimental method to analyze the protein expression.However,the most commonly used chromogenic indicator based on chemiluminescence is limited by narrow linear range and unstable quantitative reproducibility,whereas the recently developed fluorescent indicator suffers from poor detection limit.Herein,we report an enzyme-activatable fluorescence indicator to quantify proteins with reproducible stable signal and wide linear range,through introducing the hydrophilic alkaline phosphatase(ALP)-triggered phosphoric acid moiety into our established aggregation-induced emission(AIE)building block of quinoline-malononitrile(QM).In this strategy,the indicator DQM-ALP disperses well in both aqueous and lipid environments to exhibit initial“off”fluorescence,but when exposing to the ALP-coupled secondary antibody on the PVDF membrane,the specific enzymatic turnover would liberate hydrophobic AIE luminogen(AIEgen)QM-OH to emit strong luminescence,thereby achieving an ideal“off-on”state for sensitively imaging proteins with high signal-to-noise(S/N)ratio.Moreover,benefiting from the excellent signal stability of AIE fluorophore,DQM-ALP indicator exhibits superior quantitative analysis of protein expression with high reproducibility.Upon taking advantage of the AIEgens to reduce high concentration-induced luminance quenching,the linear quantification range is extremely expanded.In contrast with the traditional chemiluminescent indicator,the AIE-based enzymeactivatable indicator DQM-ALP not only greatly improves the signal stability for quantitative reproducibility,but also expands the linear quantification range,and further provides a practical alternative reagent for fluorescence Western blot assay.