高马赫数超燃冲压发动机技术研究进展

吸气式高超声速飞行在空间运输和国家空天安全领域具有极高价值,超燃冲压发动机是其核心动力装置.目前飞行马赫数4.0~7.0超燃冲压发动机技术日趋成熟,发展更高速的飞行动力技术成为今后临近空间竞争焦点之一.本文对飞行马赫数8.0~10.0的高马赫数超燃冲压发动机技术进行了分析和综述.首先论述其亟待解决的关键问题和技术,分别包括高焓离解与热化学非平衡效应、超高速气流燃料增混与燃烧强化技术、高超声速燃烧与进气压缩的匹配及工作模态、高焓低雷诺数边界层流动及其控制方法、高焓低密度流动/燃烧的热防护技术,以及高马赫数发动机的地面试验风洞技术.然后,进一步介绍了国内外高焓激波风洞与驱动技术以及国内外典型的地面和飞行试验进展.进而针对推进和热防护的总体性能评估、高马赫数发动机内凸显的高焓离解与热化学非平衡效应、超高速气流燃料增混和燃烧强化技术综述了相关研究进展及结论,讨论了高马赫数超燃冲压发动机的可行性以及各关键技术的特点.最后进行了总结并对后续研究提出了几点建议.

基于分形几何的超声速燃烧火焰形态表征方法研究

分形几何是图像学发展的新兴学科。通过分形几何,可以研究不规则图形,揭示图形的自相似特性,并且给出图形自相似性的定量数据。本文将分形几何用于分析超声速气流中的火焰形态,定量分析了不同当量比与燃料组分摩尔比条件下火焰分形维数的变化规律,研究了湍流火焰传播速度和火焰边界分形维数之间的对应关系。通过高速摄影获得的火焰CH*自发光瞬态图像,记录了马赫数2.5超声速气流中不同燃料的火焰形态,验证了超声速火焰边界具有自相似性。实验结果表明,超声速燃烧湍流火焰锋面边界的分形维数随当量比的增大近似线性增大,随着燃料中氢含量的增加而增大。

流量突变条件下煤油流动与对流传热特性实验

对流量突变条件下RP-3航空煤油的圆管流动与传热过程进行了实验研究。燃料流动与传热实验是在超临界压力为3MPa、燃料温度为300~650K、雷诺数为3 000~60 000范围内进行的。实验同步测量了圆管煤油温度、壁温、油压的沿程分布,并应用基于动量与能量守恒的非定常控制体分析方法,获得了航空煤油壁面摩阻系数与传热努塞尔数的分布。实验结果表明:当煤油温度未超过临界值(约650K)、处于过压液态时,该实验条件下的入口流量的突增或者突减过程对摩阻系数与努塞尔数的影响很小。

Thermal cracking of aviation kerosene for scramjet applications

Thermal cracking of China No.3 aviation kerosene was studied experimentally and analytically under supercritical conditions relevant to regenerative cooling system for Mach-6 scramjet applications. A two-stage heated tube system with cracked products collection/analysis was used and it can achieve a fuel temperature range of 700―1100 K,a pressure range of 3.5―4.5 MPa and a residence time of ap-proximately 0.5―1.3 s. Compositions of the cracked gaseous products and mass flow rate of the kerosene flow at varied temperatures and pressures were obtained experimentally. A one-step lumped model was developed with the cracked mixtures grouped into three categories:unreacted kerosene,gaseous products and residuals including liquid products and carbon deposits. Based on the model,fuel conversion on the mass basis,the reaction rate and the residence time were estimated as functions of temperature. Meanwhile,a sonic nozzle was used for the control of the mass flow rate of the cracked kerosene,and correlation of the mass flow rate gives a good agreement with the measurements.

Numerical investigation on flow and convective heat transfer of aviation kerosene at supercritical conditions

In this paper,characteristics of flow and convective heat transfer of China RP-3 kerosene in straight circular pipe were numerically studied.Navier-Stokes equations were solved using RNG k-turbulence model with low Reynolds number correction.The thermophysical and transport properties of the China RP-3 kerosene were calculated with a 10-species surrogate and the extended corresponding state method(ECS) combined with Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation.The independence of grids was first studied and the numerical results were then compared with experimental data for validation.Under flow conditions given in the paper,the results show that deterioration of convective heat transfer occurs when the wall temperature is slightly higher than the pseudo-critical temperature of kerosene for cases with wall heat flux of 1.2 and 0.8 MW/m 2.The degree of the heat transfer deterioration is weakened as the heat flux decreases.The deterioration,however,does not happen when the heat flux on the pipe wall is reduced to 0.5 MW/m 2.Based on the analysis of the near-wall turbulent properties,it is found that the heat transfer deterioration and then the enhancement are attributed partly to the change in the turbulent kinetic energy in the vicinity of pipe wall.The conventional heat transfer relations such as Sieder-Tate and Gnielinski formulas can be used for the estimation of kerosene heat convection under subcritical conditions,but they are not capable of predicting the phenomenon of heat transfer deterioration.The modified Bae-Kim formula can describe the heat transfer deterioration.In addition,the frictional drag would increase dramatically when the fuel transforms to the supercritical state.

Study of coupled effect of impingement jet cooling of kerosene with solid structure

Characteristics of flow and heat transfer of kerosene impingement jets were studied numerically.The coupled effect of heat transfer of fluid and structure was investigated.Numerical simulation of fluid flow shows that compared to convective heat transfer of kerosene flow in cooling channels,impingement jet cooling significantly enhances heat transfer ability.At the same time,the pressure loss is below one atmospheric pressure.Both stress and strain of high temperature nickle-based alloy structure were analyzed with typical thermal loading and impingement cooling effect.The numerical results show that temperature distribution in the hot surface of the solid structure is relatively uniform and far below the maximum allowable temperature of the alloy material.The strength analysis shows that both stress and strain of the solid structure meet the material requirements.

Numerical analysis on the heat transfer of three types of nozzles for the hypersonic long-run wind tunnel

The hypersonic long-run scramjet test tunnel is one of the key ground facilities for the studies of ramjet/scramjet and hypersonic thermal management.Due to the significantly large heat loading,the nozzle of the tunnel facility demands effective cooling protection.In this work,the two-dimensional,three-dimensional and axisymmetric Mach 6.5 nozzles at an inlet total temperature of 1840 K and a total pressure of 6.4 MPa were studied with main focuses on the properties of aerodynamic heating of nozzles.The present work aims to provide insights into the design of an effective cooling system for the nozzle and other components of the hypersonic long-run wind tunnel.