Objective:To explore the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl lithospermate in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine-derived macrophages and zebrafish,and its underlying mechanisms.Methods:3-[4,5-dimethylt...Objective:To explore the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl lithospermate in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine-derived macrophages and zebrafish,and its underlying mechanisms.Methods:3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide(MTT)assays were performed to investigate the toxicity of ethyl lithospermate at different concentrations(12.5–100μmol/L)in RAW 264.7 cells.The cells were stimulated with LPS(100 ng/mL)for 12 h to establish an inflammation model in vitro,the production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Western blot was used to ascertain the protein expressions of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3),nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)p65,phospho-STAT3(p-STAT3,Tyr705),inhibitor of NF-κB(IκB)α,and phospho-IκBα(p-IκBα,Ser32),and confocal imaging was used to identify the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and p-STAT3(Tyr705).Additionally,the yolk sacs of zebrafish(3 days post fertilization)were injected with 2 nL LPS(0.5 mg/mL)to induce an inflammation model in vivo.Survival analysis,hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,observation of neutrophil migration,and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qR T-PCR)were used to further study the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl lithospermate and its probable mechanisms in vivo.Results:The non-toxic concentrations of ethyl lithospermate have been found to range from 12.5 to 100μmol/L.Ethyl lithospermate inhibited the release of IL-6 and TNF-α(P<0.05 or P<0.01),decreased IκBαdegradation and phosphorylation(P<0.05)as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and p-STAT3(Tyr705)in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells(P<0.01).Ethyl lithospermate also decreased inflammatory cells infiltration and neutrophil migration while increasing the survival rate of LPS-stimulated zebrafish(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition,ethyl lithospermate also inhibited the mR NA expression levels of of IL-6,TNF-α,IκBα,STAT3,and NF-κB in LPS-stimulated zebrafish(P<0.01).Conclusion:Ethyl lithospermate exerts anti-Inflammatory effected by inhibiting the NF-κB and STAT3 signal pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish.展开更多
Even though the biological crusts are critical to dust emissions,no sand and dust forecast model have considered the impacts of the biological crust in dust emission scheme.This situation mainly comes from two scienti...Even though the biological crusts are critical to dust emissions,no sand and dust forecast model have considered the impacts of the biological crust in dust emission scheme.This situation mainly comes from two scientific difficulties:there is no large scale regional biological crust data available that can be used in the forecast model;there is no quantification of how biological crusts impact on sand emission.In this way,we studied the distribution of biological soil crust in sand and dust storm source areas of Central and East Asia using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite surface reflectance data collected in 2000—2019 to determine its potential impact on dust emission according to two empirical schemes.We further evaluated the relationships between soil crust coverage,roughness length,and dust emission to study SDS source areas.We found that biological crust is widely distributed in SDS source areas of Central and East Asia,with coverage rates of 19.8%in Central Asian deserts,23.1%in the Gobi Desert,and 17.3%—32.8%in Chinese deserts(p>0.05).Cyanobacteria and lichen coverage has increased in Chinese deserts,reflecting the recent impacts of the Project of Returning Farmland to Grassland and Farmland to Forests.However,biological soil crust coverage has not increased in Central Asian deserts or the Gobi Desert,and that in Central Asian deserts continues to decrease,demonstrating the complexity of the combined effects of human activities and climate change on its distribution.Biological soil crust increased the roughness length of Central and East Asian SDS source areas by 0.14—0.62 mm.The suppression of dust emission due to biological soil crust did not change among years during the study period.The horizontal and vertical dust flux inhibition coefficient(DFIC)were 2.0—11.0 and 1.7—2.9(p>0.05),respectively,clearly showing a suppressive effect.Improvement of the ecological environment in some deserts can lead to the ability of these crusts to inhibit dust erosion errors that must be considered in the dust emission scheme for areas where crust coverage has improved.展开更多
基金Supported by Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme (No.GDHVPS2018)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by the China Association of Chinese Medicine (No.2019-QNRC2-C14)。
文摘Objective:To explore the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl lithospermate in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine-derived macrophages and zebrafish,and its underlying mechanisms.Methods:3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide(MTT)assays were performed to investigate the toxicity of ethyl lithospermate at different concentrations(12.5–100μmol/L)in RAW 264.7 cells.The cells were stimulated with LPS(100 ng/mL)for 12 h to establish an inflammation model in vitro,the production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Western blot was used to ascertain the protein expressions of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3),nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)p65,phospho-STAT3(p-STAT3,Tyr705),inhibitor of NF-κB(IκB)α,and phospho-IκBα(p-IκBα,Ser32),and confocal imaging was used to identify the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and p-STAT3(Tyr705).Additionally,the yolk sacs of zebrafish(3 days post fertilization)were injected with 2 nL LPS(0.5 mg/mL)to induce an inflammation model in vivo.Survival analysis,hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,observation of neutrophil migration,and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qR T-PCR)were used to further study the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl lithospermate and its probable mechanisms in vivo.Results:The non-toxic concentrations of ethyl lithospermate have been found to range from 12.5 to 100μmol/L.Ethyl lithospermate inhibited the release of IL-6 and TNF-α(P<0.05 or P<0.01),decreased IκBαdegradation and phosphorylation(P<0.05)as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and p-STAT3(Tyr705)in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells(P<0.01).Ethyl lithospermate also decreased inflammatory cells infiltration and neutrophil migration while increasing the survival rate of LPS-stimulated zebrafish(P<0.05 or P<0.01).In addition,ethyl lithospermate also inhibited the mR NA expression levels of of IL-6,TNF-α,IκBα,STAT3,and NF-κB in LPS-stimulated zebrafish(P<0.01).Conclusion:Ethyl lithospermate exerts anti-Inflammatory effected by inhibiting the NF-κB and STAT3 signal pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish.
基金supported by the National Key Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2019YFC0214601)Foundation for Development of Science and Technology of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2018KJ048,2017Z01).
文摘Even though the biological crusts are critical to dust emissions,no sand and dust forecast model have considered the impacts of the biological crust in dust emission scheme.This situation mainly comes from two scientific difficulties:there is no large scale regional biological crust data available that can be used in the forecast model;there is no quantification of how biological crusts impact on sand emission.In this way,we studied the distribution of biological soil crust in sand and dust storm source areas of Central and East Asia using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite surface reflectance data collected in 2000—2019 to determine its potential impact on dust emission according to two empirical schemes.We further evaluated the relationships between soil crust coverage,roughness length,and dust emission to study SDS source areas.We found that biological crust is widely distributed in SDS source areas of Central and East Asia,with coverage rates of 19.8%in Central Asian deserts,23.1%in the Gobi Desert,and 17.3%—32.8%in Chinese deserts(p>0.05).Cyanobacteria and lichen coverage has increased in Chinese deserts,reflecting the recent impacts of the Project of Returning Farmland to Grassland and Farmland to Forests.However,biological soil crust coverage has not increased in Central Asian deserts or the Gobi Desert,and that in Central Asian deserts continues to decrease,demonstrating the complexity of the combined effects of human activities and climate change on its distribution.Biological soil crust increased the roughness length of Central and East Asian SDS source areas by 0.14—0.62 mm.The suppression of dust emission due to biological soil crust did not change among years during the study period.The horizontal and vertical dust flux inhibition coefficient(DFIC)were 2.0—11.0 and 1.7—2.9(p>0.05),respectively,clearly showing a suppressive effect.Improvement of the ecological environment in some deserts can lead to the ability of these crusts to inhibit dust erosion errors that must be considered in the dust emission scheme for areas where crust coverage has improved.
