亚洲栽培稻5种不同生态类型与籼粳间的杂种F1育性研究

为全面系统地研究亚洲栽培稻种内不同生态类型材料与籼、粳亚种杂交育性,对19份包含亚洲栽培稻种内5种不同生态类型品种与云南温带粳品种滇粳优1号及国际水稻所选育的籼稻品种IR64的杂种F1育性进行分析.结果表明,亚洲栽培稻不同类型中,温带粳与籼亚种间普遍存在杂种不育,温带粳与热带粳间、籼籼部分组合也存在杂种不育,Aus类型与籼、粳亚种的杂种不育程度与品种相关.研究结果为系统研究亚洲栽培稻不同生态类型与籼、粳间杂种不育奠定了基础,为认识亚洲栽培稻的分化提供证据,并为利用亚洲栽培稻种内丰富的遗传变异来培育新品种、新组合提供理论指导.

岩土损伤理论基本问题研究

岩土损伤理论远未成熟,根源在于其基本问题没有得到解决。根据岩土的基本力学特性,给出了岩土耗散势存在的充要条件,证明了岩土耗散势不存在且不可解耦。同时,给出了岩土流动势存在的充要条件,证明了岩土流动势不存在且不可解耦。通过结构性土体损伤过程的能量耗散分析,获得了与经典损伤力学定义一致的损伤变量。基于能量耗散原理,获得了合理的损伤演化方程,建立了结构性土体损伤本构模型。通过与修正剑桥模型、三轴试验结果对比,表明本模型能够较好地模拟土体的力学特性。

黄棕壤和酸紫砂土施用不同磷肥对油菜产量的影响

为实现油菜磷肥减施增效和保障生态环境,利用土壤有效磷含量较低的黄棕壤和酸紫砂土开展试验,建立土壤-磷肥-作物体系相匹配的磷肥施肥方案。以甘蓝型油菜中双11号和圣光168为材料,采用盆栽试验研究黄棕壤和酸紫砂土上施用过磷酸钙(SSP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)和钙镁磷肥(CMP)对油菜苗期生长及成熟期产量、产量相关性状、磷素积累量和磷素生理利用效率的影响。结果表明,施用磷肥可显著促进油菜生长,增加油菜单株一级分枝数和单株角果数,进而提高油菜产量。不施磷肥处理,酸紫砂土油菜的生长情况显著优于黄棕壤;同一磷肥处理黄棕壤与酸紫砂土相比,黄棕壤油菜生长效果更好,且黄棕壤圣光168成熟期籽粒产量显著高于中双11号。两个油菜品种,黄棕壤施用磷酸二铵、酸紫砂土施用钙镁磷肥油菜的增产效果均最好。与中双11号比较,相同土壤相同磷肥圣光168具有较强的磷吸收利用能力。在生产中,黄棕壤种植中双11号推荐施用磷酸二铵,种植圣光168推荐施用磷酸二铵或过磷酸钙;酸紫砂土上种植两个油菜品种均推荐施用钙镁磷肥。

不同肥料配施对鱼腥草产量及品质的影响

为了优化当阳市鱼腥草(Houttuynia cordata Thunb.)田间施肥管理,开展了不减少钾肥施用量,分别减少不同氮磷肥施用量及增施生物菌肥等不同肥料配施对鱼腥草产量及品质影响的研究。结果表明,在降低化肥施用量13.7%的同时增施生物菌肥,鱼腥草地下茎的可溶性蛋白质比常规施肥(CK)增加44.2%,维生素C含量比常规施肥(CK)增加33.6%,对生长期的株高和茎粗影响不显著,产量较对照高2.3%。仅减少化肥施用量不增施生物菌肥时,鱼腥草生长指标及产量均有不同程度的降低。因此,不减少钾肥的情况下,减施氮磷肥13.7%、增施生物菌肥更适合目前当阳市鱼腥草种植中对肥料的需求,可促进鱼腥草高效绿色生产。

Seed Length Controlled by Same Locus in Four Different AA Genome Species of Genus Oryza

To broaden the genetic basis and overcome the yield plateau in Asian cultivated rice, the exploitation and utilization of favorable alleles from rice species with the AA genome has become important and urgent in modern breeding programs. Four different interspecific populations were used to detect quantitative trait locus （QTL） for seed length, including a BC4F2 population derived from Oryza glumaepatula crossed with Dianjingyou 1 （a japonica cultivar）, a BC4F2 population derived from O. nivara crossed with Dianjingyou 1, a BCzF1 population derived from a cross between O. Iongistaminata and RD23 （an indica cultivar）, and a BCsF1 population derived from a cross between O. glaberrima and Dianjingyou 1. The QTLs for seed length in four different populations were termed as SL-3a, SL-3b, SL-3c and SL-3d, respectively. They had good collinearity and accounted for 49% to 60% of the phenotypic variations. Sequencing data indicated that four QTLs were different alleles of GS3 which were responsible for the seed length variation between O. sativa and its four AA genome relatives. These results will be valuable for confirming the evolution of GS3 and also be helpful for rice breeding.

Molecular Mapping of Sterility QTLs qSS-3, qSS-6a and qSS-7 as Single Mendelian Factors via NIL strategy

Hybrid sterility between Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa seriously hampers the introgression of favorable genes from each other. In order to further understand this issue, identification and isolation of hybrid sterility QTLs as single Mendelian factors are an effective strategy. A genetic map was constructed using a BC1 F1 population derived from a cross between an O. safiva japonica cultivar and an O. glaberrima accession. Four main-effect QTLs for pollen sterility were detected in the BC1F1. Five BC8F1 advanced backcross populations were developed via successive backcrosses based on phenotype and molecular selections. The BC8F1 populations showed bimodal distribution for pollen fertility and could be classified into semi-sterile and fertile types, fitting single Mendilian factor inheritance ratios. Three QTLs detected in the BC1F1 corresponding to qSS-3, qSS-6a and qSS-7 were mapped on chromosomes 6, 3 and 7, respectively, as single Mendilian factors.

生物菌肥与单硅酸混用对水稻子粒的降镉效果

通过田间试验研究了中低水平土壤镉背景值情况下,水稻(Oryza.sativa L.)对重金属Cd吸收富集情况及探索采用生物和化学等方法治理Cd污染的效果。结果表明,通过对土壤添加特定微生物肥、叶面喷施融地美能降低水稻子粒中镉含量19%以上,最高增产达26.74%。该技术为中轻度Cd污染水稻田土壤修复新技术的应用提供指导。