东北典型县域稻田不同肥力土壤剖面肥力变化特征及验证

研究东北典型县域稻田不同肥力土壤剖面特征,阐明东北典型县域高肥力土壤的特征及中、低肥力土壤的关键障碍因素,为进一步提升该区域稻田肥力和水稻产量提供科学依据。在黑龙江省方正县7个乡镇采集了9个稻田不同肥力土壤剖面样,测定了耕层和犁底层厚度、土壤容重、pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、硫离子(S^(2-))、锰离子(Mn^(2+))、阳离子交换量(CEC)、团聚体组分、微生物量碳/氮等指标,进行土壤综合肥力评价以及水稻产量与各土壤肥力指标的逐步回归分析,探究肥力差异的主控因子。结果表明,稻田不同肥力土壤剖面有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、CEC、Mn^(2+)含量随剖面土层深度增加逐渐降低,且均表现为高肥力土壤>中肥力土壤>低肥力土壤。方正县高肥力土壤(产量大于10000 kg/hm^(2))耕作层厚,容重低,耕作层有机质含量丰富,全氮含量高,全磷含量中等,且犁底层有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量高。中肥力土壤(产量介于7500~10000 kg/hm^(2))耕作层有机质含量高,全氮含量中等,全磷含量低。低肥力土壤(产量介于5500~7500 kg/hm^(2))耕作层薄,土壤S^(2-)含量高,其他养分含量均低于高肥力土壤。高、中、低肥力土壤有效磷和速效钾养分达到丰富水平。高肥力土壤与中肥力土壤耕作层有机质、全氮、碱解氮、微生物量碳、0.25~0.053 mm团聚体含量和Mn2+差异显著,中肥力土壤与低肥力土壤耕作层除全磷和阳离子交换量外,其他指标无显著差异。高、中、低肥力土壤耕作层和犁底层土壤综合肥力指数分别为0.70和0.83、0.42和0.49、0.21和0.26。水稻产量与各土壤肥力指标的逐步回归分析表明,有机碳和全磷对产量的影响最大,耕作层微生物量氮和pH以及犁底层有效磷和全钾对产量影响较小。耕作层土壤有机碳和全磷对产量的影响最大,中、低肥力土壤有机碳和全磷养分供应不充足,全氮和碱解氮含量中等,低肥力土壤耕作层薄,因此,中、低肥力土壤建议采用增施有机肥和磷肥等措施,同时加强改良和培肥管理,以实现高肥力土壤的产量目标。

南方冬季种养结合模式对双季稻田CH_4和CO_2排放的影响

以不同冬季种养结合模式下双季稻田系统为研究对象,采用静态箱-便携式温室气体自动分析仪法研究了冬闲田不同种养制度下双季稻田CH_4和CO_2排放特征,同时分析了CH_4和CO_2排放与主要环境和植株因子的相关性。结果表明:与冬季休闲-双季稻相比,冬季种植绿肥或绿肥结合养鸡对稻田CH_4和CO_2排放的季节变化模式无明显影响,但对排放通量有影响。2个稻季,冬季种植紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)结合养鸡处理CO_2累积排放量较冬闲、冬季种植黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、冬季种植紫云英、冬季种植黑麦草结合养鸡处理分别提高150.23%、2 034.43%、102.08%和98.68%(P<0.05)。与冬闲-双季稻相比,冬季种植紫云英结合养鸡显著降低2个稻季CH_4累积排放量的42.67%(P<0.05),冬季种植黑麦草结合养鸡和冬季种植紫云英处理分别提高21.40%和48.55%(P<0.05)。CH_4排放通量与气温呈极显著正相关,与植株地上部干物重和体积呈极显著负相关。CO_2排放通量与植株地上部干物重和体积呈极显著正相关,与土温呈极显著负相关,与光合有效辐射(PAR)呈显著负相关。

冬闲稻田养鸡结合生物炭施用对双季稻田产量及土壤有机碳、活性碳氮的影响

本研究利用冬闲田养鸡配施生物炭,研究其互补效应,并通过鸡粪田间原位腐解培肥,减少双季稻生长期间化肥用量,研究其对水稻产量、土壤有机碳和活性碳、氮的影响。试验于2015年对冬闲稻田设4个处理,分别为冬闲田(F)、冬闲田养鸡(C)、冬闲田添加生物炭(B)、冬闲田养鸡配施生物炭(BC)。2016年4月份于水稻种植前、生育期间和收获后采集土壤样品,测定水稻产量、土壤有机碳、活性碳和活性氮。试验结果表明:(1)BC处理能显著提高双季稻产量,早、晚稻实际产量分别达6.99 t·hm^(-2)和8.02t·hm^(-2),较B、C和F处理增产4.13%~19.25%;(2)在早稻种植前及早、晚稻收获后土壤有机碳均表现为BC>B>C>F,处理间差异显著(P<0.05);BC处理三次取样时期的有机碳平均值较B、C和F提高4.51%~28.14%;(3)活性碳、氮含量高低总体趋势表现为BC>B、C>F,与B或C处理相比,BC处理对活性碳、氮的提高效果更优;(4)添加生物炭能降低有机碳、活性碳和土壤微生物量碳的季节变异程度;(5)相关分析表明早、晚稻产量与土壤有机碳和活性碳、氮均呈极显著相关。冬闲田养鸡配施生物炭处理能够减少20%氮肥用量同时保证水稻产量,且该冬闲田利用模式能有效提高土壤有机碳和活性碳、氮含量,是一种高效节肥的培肥模式。

“双季稻-冬闲田”生态系统碳交换动态变化及其影响因素

采用涡度相关技术对南方"双季稻-冬闲田"生态系统CO_2通量进行了一年的连续监测,分析了"双季稻-冬闲田"生态系统碳交换[净碳交换量(NEE)、总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统总呼吸(Reco)]的动态变化及其影响因子。结果表明:南方"双季稻-冬闲田"生态系统NEE具有明显的日变化和季节变化,NEE月平均日变化在生长季表现为较明显的"U"型曲线,不同月份"U"型高度不同;NEE季节变化存在明显的两个吸收期(NEE为负)和三个排放期(NEE为正),NEE在早稻和晚稻的生长季有两个明显的碳吸收期,早稻平均值为-0.58 g C·m^(-2)·d^(-1),最大值出现在2015年6月20日,为-1.77 g C·m^(-2)·d^(-1),晚稻平均值为-1.28 g C·m^(-2),最大值出现在2015年9月19日,为-2.23 g C·m^(-2)·d^(-1);冬闲期存在两个碳排放期,平均值为2.68 g C·m^(-2)·d^(-1)。水稻种植期间白天的净碳交换受光合有效辐射的影响显著,夜间的净碳交换受5 cm土壤温度的显著影响,温度低时的冬闲期温度敏感性高于温度高时的双季稻种植期。全年的NEE总和表现为碳排放,达778.4 g C·m^(-2),GPP为1 643.7 g C·m^(-2),Reco为2 425.8 g C·m^(-2)。因此,南方"双季稻-冬闲田"生态系统有可观的固碳减排潜力。

残差网络-迁移学习法抑制低剂量CT噪声

针对低剂量CT图像的噪声伪影问题,提出一种残差网络-迁移学习的图像噪声抑制算法。采用残差卷积神经网络框架,学习从低剂量CT图像到其噪声图像的映射关系。用自然图像对该模型进行简单的预训练;将CT图像数据对模型的共享参数进行微调;从低剂量CT图像中减去所得到的噪声图像,实现噪声抑制。实验表明:该方法能快速有效地将自然图像域的噪声抑制能力迁移到医学图像域,量化指标均优于传统的去噪算法,可以有效抑制噪声和保留图像的细节结构。

摇青、发酵工艺对汝城白毛茶加工夏季红茶品质的影响

以汝城白毛茶夏季鲜叶为原料,以感官审评得分、内含物质含量、香气成分为指标,探究摇青及发酵时间对其加工夏季红茶品质的影响。感官审评结果表明,摇青茶样其汤色和叶底更红亮,滋味更甘醇,以摇青处理、发酵5.5 h的汝城白毛茶夏季红茶品质更优。内含物质分析表明,摇青工艺能降低茶样中的茶多酚及儿茶素组分含量,发酵时间与茶样内的儿茶素组分含量成反比。香气成分分析表明,不同处理茶样中花香型香气组分芳樟醇、香叶醇和反式-橙花叔醇的相对含量占比更为突出,因此认为这3种香气化合物是汝城白毛茶红茶特征香气的关键组成成分。β-环柠檬醛(果香)为摇青处理茶样独有的香气化合物,随着发酵时间的延长其相对含量在成品茶中呈上升趋势,初步判定此香气化合物是摇青作用的结果。

郴州市茶叶产业发展现状与建议

近年来,郴州市把茶叶产业作为助农增收和发展县域经济的主导产业来抓,茶叶产业已成为茶叶主产区农村经济的重要支柱产业。笔者通过对郴州市9个县(市、区)茶叶产业发展现状的调研,总结了郴州市茶叶产业发展的优势,分析出该市茶叶产业发展存在茶园建园基础性差、茶企组织化程度低、品牌带动力弱、地方特色茶资源开发利用不足等问题,并从强化政策扶持、努力打造区域公用品牌、加强市场体系建设、开展科技攻关等方面提出相关建议,助力郴州市打造百亿茶叶产业。

南岭山区桃园天敌瓢虫资源监测与分析

为掌握南岭生态区天敌瓢虫的资源状况,并加以保护利用,本研究采用黄板诱虫的方法,对南岭山区桃园的瓢虫资源进行定点系统监测及点外普查。结果显示,本试验共监测到天敌瓢虫15种,2018、2019年内分别捕获天敌瓢虫56、58头/1200 m^2,种群资源较丰富。优势种群为龟纹瓢虫,平均年度丰度、频度分别为41.3%、27.9%,其次为黄斑盘瓢虫和六斑月瓢虫。天敌瓢虫在日均温13.5℃、日均降水量5 mm、日均总辐射值11.4 MJ/m^2的气象条件下,开始活动;种群年度发生盛期在5、10月两个时段内,在日均气温、降水量、总辐射值处于17.6~23.8℃、0~6.8 mm、11.4~18.9 MJ/m^2的气象组合时,种群易出现高峰;11月下旬至翌年3月,天敌瓢虫处于休眠至弱活动状态。

不同施氮量对湘烟5号生长发育及产质量的影响

通过在湖南省桂阳县开展田间小区试验,研究了不同施氮量对烤烟新品种湘烟5号生育期及植物学性状、农艺性状、经济性状和原烟外观质量的影响。结果表明:该品种随着施氮量的增加,烟叶长势越强,产量越高,但随着施氮量的增加,烤烟质量有所下降,以施用165 kg/hm^2纯氮(纯氮∶五氧化二磷∶氧化钾=1.0∶1.0∶2.7)的效果最佳,产量、产值较高,原烟外观质量好。湘烟5号的综合表现与对照品种云烟87相当,且整体水平比对照品种K326稍好,烤烟品质优,产值较高。

郴州市辣木引种表现及矮化栽培技术

作为当代一种新资源树种辣木,在营养、保健和医药领域有很高的应用价值,开发前景广阔。本文对郴州地区辣木的引种表现进行了总结,将育苗、定植、矮化栽培管理、采收利用等技术要点进行归纳,为辣木的进一步开发利用提供技术支撑。

Four-Dimensional Computerized Tomography (4D-CT) Reconstruction Based on the Similarity Measure of Spatial Adjacent Images

Objective:To investigate the feasibility of a 4D-CT reconstruction method based on the similarity principle of spatial adjacent images and mutual information measure. Methods:A motor driven sinusoidal motion platform made in house was used to create one-dimensional periodical motion that was along the longitudinal axis of the CT couch. The amplitude of sinusoidal motion was set to an amplitude of ±1 cm. The period of the motion was adjustable and set to 3.5 s. Phantom objects of two eggs were placed in a Styrofoam block, which in turn were placed on the motion platform. These objects were used to simulate volumes of interest undergoing ideal periodic motion. CT data of static phantom were acquired using a multi-slice general electric (GE) LightSpeed 16-slice CT scanner in an axial mode. And the CT data of periodical motion phantom were acquired in an axial and cine-mode scan. A software program was developed by using VC++ and VTK software tools to resort the CT data and reconstruct the 4D-CT. Then all of the CT data with same phase were sorted by the program into the same series based on the similarity principle of spatial adjacent images and mutual information measure among them, and 3D reconstruction of different phase CT data were completed by using the software. Results:All of the CT data were sorted accurately into different series based on the similarity principle of spatial adjacent images and mutual information measures among them. Compared with the unsorted CT data, the motion artifacts in the 3D reconstruction of sorted CT data were reduced significantly, and all of the sorted CT series result in a 4D-CT that reflected the characteristic of the periodical motion phantom. Conclusion:Time-resolved 4D-CT reconstruction can be implemented with any general multi-slice CT scanners based on the similarity principle of spatial adjacent images and mutual information measure.The process of the 4D-CT data acquisition and reconstruction were not restricted to the hardware or software of the CT scanner and has the feasibility ,which extensive applicability.

Influences of Motion Artifacts on Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Volume and Conformal Radiotherapy Planning

Objective:To investigate the influences of motion artifacts on three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction volume and conformal radiotherapy planning. Methods:A phantom which can mimic the clip motion of lung tumor along the cranial-caudal direction is constructed by step motor, small ball of polyethylene and potato. Ten different scan protocols were set and CT data of the phantom were acquired by using a commercial GE LightSpeed16 CT scanner. The 3D reconstruction of the CT data was implemented by adopting volume-rendering technology of GE AdvantageSim 6.0 system. The reconstructed volumes of each target in different scan protocols were measured through 3D measuring tools. Thus, relative deviations of the reconstruction volumes between moving targets and static ones were determined. The three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) plans and conformal fields were created and compared for a static/moving target with the WiMRT treatment planning system (TPS). Results:For a static target, there was no obvious difference among the 3D reconstruction volumes when the CT data were acquired with different pitches and slices. The appearance of 3D reconstruction volume and 3D conformal field of a moving target was quite different from that of static one. The maximum relative deviation is nearly 90% for a moving target scanned with different scan protocols. The relative deviations are variable among the different targets, about from -39.8% to 89.5% for a smaller target and from -18.4% to 20.5% for a larger one. Conclusion:The motion artifacts have great effects on 3D-CRT planning and reconstruction volume, which will greatly induce distorted conformal radiation fields and false DVHs for a moving target.

一种适于PCR扩增的茶树基因组DNA快速提取方法

为了建立一种从茶树嫩叶中快速提取基因组DNA的方法,笔者通过采用常温研磨、常温裂解、一步抽提等措施对CTAB提取法进行了改良和简化,省去了DNA纯化和使用RNase酶降解RNA两个环节。使用该方法以茶树嫩叶为材料提取基因组DNA,并进行紫外光谱法、琼脂糖电泳、PCR扩增等方式检测。结果表明,该方法提取的DNA,其260 nm/280 nm吸光度比值介于1.81~1.84,260 nm/230 nm吸光度在1.75~1.88;经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,获得的DNA条带较亮且无明显拖尾现象;利用ISSR引物进行PCR检测,能够获得清晰稳定条带。说明该方法操作快速简便,提取的基因组DNA能够满足PCR反应需要。

玉米—水稻轮作田中牛筋草种群数量监测试验

本文通过2年试验,对湘南地区玉米—水稻轮作田中牛筋草的生长情况进行调查,采用倒置“W”九点取样法,测定牛筋草密度、株高、盖度、鲜重等数量动态指标,监测牛筋草的种群数量变化。结果表明,湘南地区玉米—水稻轮作田中牛筋草第2年的密度、株高、鲜重、盖度明显低于第1年,且生长势弱。

施氮量和留叶数对湘烟6号生长发育及产量的影响

为探寻湘烟6号的最适栽培方案,更好地发挥该品种的特色优势、提高其产量和质量,2017—2018年进行了不同施氮量及留叶数对湘烟6号生长发育及产质量的影响的田间小区对比试验。结果表明:施氮量增加能促进烟株的生长发育,株高、茎围、节距、腰叶长和腰叶宽均随着施氮量的增加而增加,茎围、腰叶长、腰叶宽则随留叶数的增加而减小;产量、均价、产值、上等烟比例、上中等烟比例随着施氮量增加先增加后下降。综合结果表明,湘烟6号在施氮量165kg/hm2、留叶数20片/株时烤烟产质量达到最佳效果。

Determinants of Response Pattern of Cochlear Nucleus Neuron:a Study Based on the Model

Objective: Neurons in the cochlear nucleus show different response patterns to the short tone bursts. Because of the limitations of animal experiments, it is hard to explore the principle. Therefore, using a model to simulate CN neurons will be a feasible way. Methods: Based on the initial model mentioned in the previous study, we proposed an improved CN model in MATLAB R2012b. Results: By modifying the parameters of the model we found the interchanges among "primary-like", "chopper",and "onset" response patterns. Furthermore, we simulated the "pauser" response pattern by adding an extra input in our model. Conclusion: The results indicate that the synaptic integrations and the input modes can give rise to different characteristics of CN neurons, which eventually determine the response patterns of CN neurons.

中枢神经系统念珠菌病的诊疗进展

中枢神经系统念珠菌病临床上相对少见,但病死率高。近年来,随着免疫低下人群和神经外科相关手术操作的增多,其发病率有明显上升的趋势。脑脊液培养和脑组织活检病理是诊断的金标准,但敏感性低。脑脊液抗原检测方法、分子诊断技术等非培养技术为其快速诊断提供了新的手段。目前抗真菌药物治疗策略初步成形,但最佳治疗方案和疗程尚无定论。本文对近年来中枢神经系统念珠菌病的相关诊断及治疗策略进行阐述。

A Bayesian-MAP Method Based on TV for CT Image Reconstruction from Sparse and Limited Data

Computed tomography(CT) plays an important role in the field of modern medical imaging. Reducing radiation exposure dose without significantly decreasing image's quality is always a crucial issue. Inspired by the outstanding performance of total variation(TV) technique in CT image reconstruction, a TV regularization based Bayesian-MAP(MAP-TV) is proposed to reconstruct the case of sparse view projection and limited angle range imaging. This method can suppress the streak artifacts and geometrical deformation while preserving image edges. We used ordered subset(OS) technique to accelerate the reconstruction speed. Numerical results show that MAP-TV is able to reconstruct a phantom with better visual performance and quantitative evaluation than classical FBP,MLEM and quadrate prior to MAP algorithms. The proposed algorithm can be generalized to cone-beam CT image reconstruction.