Effects of sowing date and ecological points on yield and the temperature and radiation resources of semi-winter wheat

Exploring the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the yield of semi-winter wheat is of great significance.This study aims to reveal the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the climate resources associated with wheat yield in the Rice–Wheat Rotation System.With six sowing dates,the experiments were carried out in Donghai and Jianhu counties,Jiangsu Province,China using two semi-winter wheat varieties as the objects of this study.The basic seedlings of the first sowing date (S1) were planted at 300×10^(4)plants ha^(-1),which was increased by 10%for each of the delayed sowing dates (S2–S6).The results showed that the delay of sowing date decreased the number of days,the effective accumulated temperature and the cumulative solar radiation in the whole growth period.The yields of S1 were higher than those of S2 to S6 by 0.22–0.31,0.5–0.78,0.86–0.98,1.14–1.38,and 1.36–1.59 t ha^(–1),respectively.For a given sowing date,the growth days increased as the ecological point was moved north,while both mean daily temperature and effective accumulative temperature decreased,but the cumulative radiation increased.As a result,the yields at Donghai County were 0.01–0.39 t ha–1lower than those of Jianhu County for the six sowing dates.The effective accumulative temperature and cumulative radiation both had significant positive correlations with yield.The average temperature was significantly negatively correlated with the yield.The decrease in grain yield was mainly due to the declines in grains per spike and 1 000-grain weight caused by the increase in the daily temperature and the decrease in the effective accumulative temperature.

双季晚稻不同类型品种产量与主要品质性状的差异

为明确江西双季晚稻条件下籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻、常规粳稻、杂交籼稻4种类型品种产量与一般品质的差异,为江西双季晚稻适宜品种的科学选用与初步区划提供依据与参考,在江西上高县(28°31′N,115°09′E)试验点进行,比较研究表明与杂交籼稻相比,常规粳稻、杂交粳稻和籼粳杂交稻加工品质、蒸煮食味品质有所改善,而外观品质与营养品质略逊。产量表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻。本研究认为上高地区"籼改粳"工程适宜种植的晚稻品种为籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻和常规粳稻。

淮北地区麦茬机插优质食味粳稻氮肥减量的精确运筹

当前"减氮"成为优质食味粳稻种植措施之一,但减氮后的氮肥科学运筹方案尚不够明确,需进一步研究。2018—2019年,选用优质食味粳稻品种‘南粳505’和‘南粳2728’为材料,前茬麦秸秆全量还田,采用机插方式,在总施氮量较当地常规施氮量减少20%条件下,设置基蘖肥和穗肥比例分别为5∶5、6∶4、7∶3和8∶2四种氮肥运筹比例,研究了淮北地区麦茬机插优质食味粳稻氮肥减量精确运筹。结果表明,随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例增加,产量呈先增后降趋势,7∶3处理产量最高,2年达11,134.80~11,280.19 kg hm^(-2),较CK增产1.23%~2.54%,但差异不显著;7∶3处理群体高产,在于能获得充足的群体颖花量、较高的结实率和千粒重。随着基蘖肥比例增加,有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期群体干物质积累量呈增加趋势;抽穗期、成熟期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量、最终氮素积累量及氮素利用率,呈先增后降趋势,均以7∶3处理最高。与常规施氮处理相比,减氮处理通过增加前期施氮肥比例(7∶3),能确保群体后期获得较高的干物质积累量;成熟期氮素积累量较小,但显著提升了氮素吸收利用率,较CK高14.10%~15.48%,差异显著。减氮后增加基蘖肥比例使优质食味粳稻加工品质变劣,外观品质变优,蒸煮食味品质改善,RVA谱优化。在麦秸秆全量还田条件下,较常规施肥减氮20%,基蘖肥与穗肥运筹7∶3处理优质食味粳稻产量稳定,大幅提升氮素吸收利用率,改善稻米外观和食味品质,在一定程度上实现了优质食味粳稻的高产、优质、高效的综合种植目标。

江淮优良食味高产中熟常规粳稻品种的特征

从103个中熟常规粳稻品种(品系)中,根据不同食味值和产量水平筛选出具有代表性的3种类型(味优高产、味优中产、味中高产),系统比较各类型品质和产量,以探究江淮优质食味与高产协同的品种特征。结果表明,味优高产类型品种加工品质与味中高产类型品种无显著差异。与味中高产类型相比,味优高产类型品种垩白粒率、垩白面积比、垩白度分别高82.06%、56.34%和93.28%,蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量分别低14.21%、39.78%,胶稠度高8.73%,消减值和回复值分别低282.11%、37.88%。在产量方面,味优高产类型比味优中产类型高26.73%,其高产原因主要是具有较高的每穗粒数和结实率。与味优中产类型相比,味优高产类型单位面积穗数低22.26%,每穗粒数与结实率分别高42.12%、6.18%,成穗率高4.2%,抽穗期与成熟期叶面积指数分别高5.47%、16.94%,叶面积衰减率低7.25%,抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量和积累比例分别高24.07%和15.50%,着粒密度高40.33%。综上所述,味优高产类中熟常规粳稻的特征是,出糙率和整精米率都达国标1级;透明度由3级至5级不等;蛋白质含量在8%左右;直链淀粉含量在10%左右;胶稠度在75 mm以上; RVA谱消减值在-300 cP以下,回复值在600 cP以下。在产量方面其单位面积穗数310万穗hm–2左右,每穗粒数140个左右,抽穗后叶面积指数、干物质积累量与积累比例都能维持较高水平。

Combined effect of shading time and nitrogen level on grain filling and grain quality in japonica super rice

There is limited information about the combined effect of shading time and nitrogen （N） on grain filling and quality of rice. Therefore, two japonica super rice cultivars, Nanjing 44 and Ningjing 3, were used to study the effect of shading time and N level on the characteristics of rice panicle and grain filling as well as the corresponding yield and quality. At a low N level （150 kg N ha^-1, 150N）, grain yield decreased （by 21.07-26.07%） under the treatment of 20 days of shading before heading （BH） compared with the no shading （NS） treatment. These decreases occurred because of shortened panicle length, decreased number of primary and secondary branches, as well as the grain number and weight per panicle. At 150N, in the treatment of 20 days of shading after heading （AH）, grain yield also decreased （by 9.46-10.60%） due to the lower grain weight per panicle. The interaction of shading and N level had a significant effect on the number of primary and secondary branches. A high level of N （300 kg N ha^-1, 300N） could offset the negative effect of shading on the number of secondary branches and grain weight per panicle, and consequently increased the grain yield in both shading treatments. In superior grains, compared with 150N NS, the time to reach 99% of the grain weight （T99） was shortened by 1.6 to 1.7 days, and the grain weight was decreased by 4.18-5.91% in 150N BH. In 150N AH, the grain weight was 13.39-13.92% lower than that in 150N NS due to the slow mean and the maximum grain-filling rate （GRmean and GRmax）. In inferior grains, grain weight and GRmean had a tendency of 150N NS〉150N BH〉150N AH. Under shaded conditions, 300N decreased the grain weight due to lower GReen both in superior and inferior grains. Compared with 150N NS, the milling and appearance qualities as well as eating and cooking quality were all decreased in 150N BH and 150N AH. Shading with the high level of 300N improved the milling quality and decreased the number of chalky rice kernels, but the eating and cooking quality was reduced with increased chalky area and overall chalkiness. Therefore, in the case of short term shading, appropriate N fertilizer could be used to improve the yield and milling quality of rice, but limited application of N fertilizer is recommended to achieve good eating and cooking quality of rice.

Effects of temperature and solar radiation on yield of good eating-quality rice in the lower reaches of the Huai River Basin,China

We studied the effects of temperature and solar radiation on rice yield with the aim of understanding the temperature and solar radiation requirements for high yield rice production in the lower reaches of the Huai River,China.Field experiments were conducted with two medium-maturing japonica rice(MMJR)varieties and four late-maturing japonica rice(LMJR)varieties in 2017 and 2018.Seeds were sown on May 10(T1),May 17(T2),May 24(T3),May 31(T4),June 7(T5),June 14(T6),and June 21(T7).The whole growth duration(WGD)of rice was shortened when sowing date was delayed,especially for the duration from sowing to heading(S–H).The effective accumulated temperature(EAT),mean daily temperature(Tmean),cumulative solar radiation(CSR),and mean daily solar radiation(Rmean)over the WGD decreased when sowing date was delayed.Compared with T1,yields in T2,T3,T4,T5,T6,and T7 decreased by 0.12–0.35,0.45–0.89,0.74–1.56,1.41–2.24,2.16–2.90,and 2.69–3.64 t ha^(-1),respectively.There was a significant positive correlation between rice yield and EAT in different growth stages.Temperature was the main factor that affected the yield of good eating-quality rice in the lower reaches of the Huai River.We found that a relatively high yield can be obtained when the optimal Tmean for medium-maturing japonica rice(MMJR)and late-maturing japonica rice(LMJR)was 25.8–27.0℃and 26.6–27.1℃in the stages from sowing to heading(S–H),and 20.3–23.3℃and 20.3–22.1℃in the stages from heading to maturity(H–M),respectively.The optimal sowing dates for MMJR and LMJR in the lower reaches of the Huai River were May 15–31 and May 15–18,respectively.