基于碳中和新技术的美丽中国建设

碳中和技术是以减少碳排放和增加碳固定为目的,以节能、减排、增效为核心的新技术体系,主要分为三类,包括温室气体的捕集技术、温室气体的埋存技术和低碳或零碳新能源技术.将碳中和技术应用于美丽中国建设不仅可以有效推动我国能源结构的转型和科学技术的进步,还能够促进生态环境的改善和绿色经济的发展.本研究通过阐述碳中和技术相关理念和发展现状,分析了实现碳中和的有效途径,并进一步讨论了碳中和技术如何助力美丽中国建设.结果表明,目前关于碳中和技术的研究领域主要有氢能领域、电化学领域、绿色化学领域、节能技术、储能技术、废物的资源回收以及合成生物学领域.这些新能源和新技术的出现不仅能够极大地提高能源的利用效率,还能够促进绿色清洁技术的发展.此外,碳中和技术也能够减少污染物的排放,增强资源的高效利用,助力低碳能源体系的建立和促进生态文明体制的健全,从而助力美丽中国建设.

日本滑雪产业助力乡村振兴的经验与启示——基于共生理论的考察

为促进乡村振兴,日本积极发展滑雪产业,构建了多元主体共生的产业治理模式。研究发现,多元主体协同治理、“六次产业化”、广域DMO合作框架是日本滑雪产业发展的主要实践内容。运用共生理论分析日本滑雪产业共生框架:政府-非政府组织-企业构成了基本共生单元,政策-区域-市场构成了日本滑雪产业赖以生存的共生环境,关系-价值-治理共同维护了日本滑雪产业共生模式。由此提出我国乡村滑雪产业发展的建议。

微生物降解石油污染物机制研究进展

石油污染是当前紧迫的水环境问题,研究石油污染物降解机制有助于探索石油污染修复技术路径。重点介绍了微生物降解石油污染物过程中的微生物种类、降解机制和反应机理,即具有代表性的细菌、真菌和藻类,石油烃的有氧降解(链烷烃、环烷烃和芳香烃)和厌氧降解(脱氢羟基化、延胡索酸盐加成)。并对微生物降解石油组分的影响因素进行了讨论,具体包括:烃类结构(支链多结构越复杂,越难降解)、微生物种类(混合菌的生化降解能力更强)、环境因子(pH、温度、盐度、含氧量和营养物质),进一步指出了生物修复技术应用于石油污染修复治理研究中的优缺点。此外,还对现有微生物降解技术的应用做了简要概述,归纳总结现有研究中存在的问题,尝试性的提出了今后生物降解石油污染物的研究重点,即生物降解石油的机制还需进一步明确,并重点分析了生物电化学方法在降解去除石油污染物方面可行性。综述石油烃生物降解机制和反应机理,以期为生物修复水体石油污染提供参考和借鉴作用。

一株土著B[a]P降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

通过在液体培养基中添加苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)作为唯一碳源反复驯化培养,从长期受石油烃和多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的土壤中分离出8株能够降解B[a]P的细菌,其中一株细菌(命名为BB-1)具有最大降解效果。采用16s RNA基因测序结果表明,BB-1与巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)同源性为100%。为了研究BB-1的降解特性,在pH7.0、30℃条件下培养8 d,菌株B[a]P的降解率高达66.36%。为了考察培养基初始pH和外加蔗糖浓度对BB-1降解B[a]P的影响,30℃下振荡培养8 d,当设置培养基初始pH为4.0、6.0、8.0和10.0时,BB-1对B[a]P的降解率分别为12.14%、39.61%、55.21%和30.03%,可见pH为8.0时其降解效果最优;当添加0.1%蔗糖和0.5%蔗糖为外加碳源时,菌株BB-1对B[a]P的降解率分别为70.56%和74.89%,表明0.5%蔗糖的降解效果最优。

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中不同形态的无机碘

建立了一种有效分离检测土壤中不同形态无机碘(碘离子和碘酸根离子)的高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(HPLC-ICP-MS)。采用4 mmol/L四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAH)溶液为提取剂进行超声提取,经离心分层,过Na柱和0.22μm滤膜后进行分析,以50 mmol/L碳酸铵溶液(pH 9.8,以25%氨水调节)为流动相,采用AS16阴离子分析柱进行HPLC-ICP-MS测定。结果表明,在优化实验条件下,两种无机碘形态(I-和IO-3)在10~500μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r 2)均大于0.999,检出限分别为0.05、0.1μg/L,定量下限分别为2、5μg/L。该方法用于土壤环境中无机碘的测定,其加标回收率为83.8%~108%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.5%~3.0%,优于振荡提取法。该方法快速、高效、重现性好、灵敏度高,适用于土壤环境中不同形态无机碘的测定。

Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos on earthworm Eisenia fetida in phaiozem, northeast China

Acetochlor and methamidophos are two important agrochemicals which are widely applied to agricultural production in northeast China. The investigation on the earthworm Eisenia fetida as an important type of soil animals exposed to single and binary-combined contamination of acetochlor and methamidophos was thus carried out. The single toxic effect test showed that the two agrochemicals had their toxicity to the earthworms living in phaiozem. Acetochlor had a stronger acute toxic effect on the earthworms than methamidophos. The mortality of the earthworms exposed to individual acetochlor and methamidophos changed with an increase in the exposure time and the exposed concentrations. The LD50 value of acetochlor and methamidophos toxic to the earthworms was 115.6-275,3 and 29.5-228.6 mg/kg, respectively. The weight of the earthworms was a more sensitive index compared to the mortality in indicating toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos in phaiozem. When considering both the mortality and the body-weight change, the combined pollution of acetochlor and methamidophos in phaiozem resulted in their synergic toxic effects on the earthworms.

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.

Landscape Changes from 1974 to 1995 in the Upper Minjiang River Basin, China

Landscape changes were traced over the 20 years from 1974 to 1995 in the upper Minjiang River basin, one of the most important forest regions in China, based on satellite image interpretation to provide basic data for local decision-making as well as sustainable landscape use and management. Results revealed that landscape from 1974 to 1995 changed at the regional scale as the area of forestland decreased, while cropland, shrubland, economic forest, grassland, and built-up land increased. Landscape changes mainly occurred in forestland, shrubland, grassland, economic forest, and built-up land. Moreover, the changes among forestland, shrubland, and grassland were the largest, influencing the whole characteristics of the changes in the basin. Analysis of the changes between 1974 and 1995 in the study area indicated that landscape heterogeneity and fragmentation increased, whereas landscape connectivity decreased. There were multiple reasons for landscape changes. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to quantitatively study driving forces of landscape changes. The PCA results showed that economic and population factors were the principal driving forces of landscape changes from 1974 to 1995 in the upper Minjiang River basin, and that PCA was a suitable method for investigating driving forces of landscape changes.

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.

Influences of phosphate nutritional level on the phytoavailability and speciation distribution of cadmium and lead in soil

A pot experiment was conducted to examine the influence of phosphate levels on the phytoavailability and speciation distribution of cadmium （Cd）, lead （Pb） in soil. Spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） was selected as the tested plant. There were 5 phosphate fertilizer（Ca（H2PO4）2） levels including 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg P2O5/kg soil, marked by P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4, respectively. CdCl2·2.5H2o and Pb（NO3）2 were added to soil as the following levels： Cd ＋ Pb = 25＋0, 0＋1000, and 25＋1000 mg/kg, marked by T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The results showed that the P fertilizer promoted the dry weight of wheat in all treatments and alleviated the contamination induced by Cd and Pb. With increasing levels of the additional P fertilizer, Cd concentration in different parts （root, haulm, chaffand grain） of wheat decreased at the P1 level at first and then increased. The soluble plus exchangeable （SE） fraction of Cd in soil decreased at the P1 level and then increased from P2 to P4 levels. The moderate P fertilizer reduced the phytoavailability of Cd. The application of P could obviously restrain the uptake of Pb by wheat and there were significantly negative correlations between the levels of P and the uptake of Pb. Phosphorus supply resulted in a decrease in the SE fraction of Pb and there was a significantly negative correlation between the levels of P and the SE fraction of Pb in soil. All the levels of the P fertilizer in this experiment could reduce the phytoavailability of Pb. Thus, it is feasible to apply the P fertilizer （Ca（H2PO4）2） to Pb contaminated soils. However, the levels of P application should be restricted in case that redundant P may increase the phytoavailability of Cd.

Removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soilusing tartaric acid

This study reports the feasibility of remediation of a heavy metal （HM） contaminated soil using tartaric acid, an environmentally-friendly extractant. Batch experiments were performed to test the factors influencing remediation of the HM contaminated soil. An empirical model was employed to describe the kinetics of riM dissolution/desorption and to predict equilibrium concentrations of HMs in soil leachate. The changes of HMs in different fractions before and after tartaric acid treatment were also investigated. Tartaric acid solution containing HMs was regenerated by chestnut shells. Results show that utilization of tartaric acid was effective for removal of riMs from the contaminated soil, attaining 50%-60% of Cd, 40%-50% of Pb, 40%-50% of Cu and 20%-30% of Zn in the pH range of 3.5-4.0 within 24 h. Mass transfer coefficients for cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were much higher than those for copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn）. Sequential fractionations of treated and untreated soil samples showed that tartaric acid was effective in removing the exchangeable, carbonate fractions of Cd, Zn and Cu from the contaminated soil. The contents of Pb and Cu in Fe-Mn oxide fraciton were also significantly decreased by tartaric acid treatment. One hundred milliliters of tartaric acid solution containing HMs could be regenerated by 10 g chestnut shells in a batch reactor. Such a remediation procedure indicated that tartaric acid is a promising agent for remediation of HM contaminated soils. However, further research is needed before the method can be practically used for in situ remediation of contaminated sites.

Technical Innovation of Land Treatment Systems for Municipal Wastewater in Northeast China

On the basis of ecological principles including holistic optimization, cycling and regeneration, and regional differentiation, land treatment systems (LTSs) for municipal wastewater were continuously explored and updated in the western Shenyang area and the Huolinhe area, China. Intensified pretreatment, addition of a man-made soil filtration layer, and use of an ecologically diversified secondary plant cover were proved to be technically feasible. Hydraulic loading was determined according to the assimilation capacity of soil ecosystems, thus ensuring safe operation of wastewater treatment. This modernized and alternative approach to wastewater treatment had been widely applied in middle-sized and small cities and towns of Northeast China, and these innovative systems in some areas had indicated favorable ecological, social, and economic benefits.

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.

Adaptability of microbial inoculators and their contribution to degradation of mineral oil and PAHs

Five dominant bacteria strains（A cetobacter sp., Alcdigenes sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus sp.） and five fungi strains （Cephalosporium sp. Ⅰ, Cephalosporlum sp. Ⅱ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅰ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅱ and Fusarium sp.） isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil were used to assess the potential capability of mineral oil and PAH enhanced degradation separately and jointly using the batch liquid medium cultivation with diesel oil spiked at 1000 mg/L. The experiment was performed on a reciprocal shaker in the darkness at 25℃ to 30℃ for 100 d. The dynamic variation in the activity of microbial inoculators in each treatment and the degradation of the target pollutants during the period of experiment were monitored. Results showed a more rapid biodegradation of mineral oil and PAHs at the beginning of the experiment （about 20 d） by dominant bacteria, fungi and their mixture than that of the indigenous microorganisms, however, thereafter an opposite trcnd was exhibited that the removal ratio by indigenous microorganisms was superior to any other dominant treatments and the tendency lasted till the end of the experiment, indicating the limited competitive capability of dominant microorganisms to degrade the contaminants, and the natural selection of indigenous microorganisms for use in the removal of the contaminants. At the end of the experiment, the removal ratio of mineral oil ranged from 56.8 % to 79.2 % and PAHs ranged from 96.8 % to 99.1% in each treatment by microbial inoculators,

Effects of Acetochlor and Methamidophos on Fungal Communities in Black Soils

Using plate counting and ergosterol assay, single and joint effects of acetochlor and methamidophos on the dynamicsof soil fungal population and total fungal biomass in the black soil zone of Northeast China were investigated. The resultsdemonstrated that acetochlor at high concentration levels (150 and 250 mg kg-1) had an acute and mostly chronic toxicityon both the soil fungal population and total fungal biomass, but at a low concentration (50 mg kg-1) generally had astimulating effect that was stronger with total fungal biomass than with the soil fungal population. Methamidophos ata high concentration level (250 mg kg-1) alone and almost all of its combinations with various dosages of acetochlorincreased the soil fungal population, whereas at most sampling dates with 250 mg methamidophos kg-1 soil, total fungalbiomass increased, but in combination with acetochlor it was decreased in the early period of incubation and then increased28 days after incubation. Thus, through measuring the number of colony forming unit of the soil fungal population alongwith the total fungal biomass, a better understanding on effects of agrochemicals on soil fungi could be made.

Influences of petroleum on accumulation of copper and cadmium in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor

Using the exposure simulation experiment, the action of petroleum affecting the accumulation of the trace metals including copper （Cu） and cadmium （Cd） in littoral polychaete Nereis diversicolor collected from the Shuangtaizi Estuary in Liaoning Province, China was examined. The results showed that there was a markedly non-linear relationship between the accumulation of Cu in worms and the experimental concentration of Cu in exposure solutions when the concentration of petroleum remained at 0, 100, and 220 μl/L, respectively. However, significantly non-linear relationship for worms exposed to Cd was observed only when the concentration of added petroleum was 0 and 220 μl/L. The accumulation of Cu in worms did not differ significantly among the three different levels of petroleum concentrations combined with various concentrations of Cu. So was the accumulation of Cd in worms （p〉0.05）. However, the addition of petroleum in exposure solutions brought about an increase in the accumulation of Cu in Nereis diversicolor, in comparison with single Cu pollution. On the other hand, when the concentration of added petroleum remained at 100 μl/L, the accumulation of Cd in worms was lower than that in worms exposed to various concentrations of only cadmium. However, the worms exposed to Cd and petroleum 220 μl/L did not show obvious and identical increase in the accumulation of Cd, compared with single Cd exposure. The accumulation of both Cu and Cd in worms did not increase significantly with the increases in concentrations of Cu or Cd in exposure solutions combined with petroleum （0, 100, and 220μl/L） under the experimental conditions. Although Nereis diversicolor is exposed to very high Cu and Cd in exposure solutions, accumulation and detoxification mechanisms are sufficient to cope with the extra metal influx in order to survive.

Countermeasures of Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater for Safety of Agricultural Use in China

China is facing a severe water resource crisis, and the shortage of water for agricultural consumption is a prominent problem. Irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater that can reach the agricultural recycling standards is an important way to deal with water shortage in agricultural production. Owing to the complex sources of municipal wastewater, there are multifarious pollutants in municipal wastewater. Improper use of wastewater can cause potential risks to agoenvironment, agricultural products safety, and human health. This article deals with the current situation and the development prospects of reclaimed wastewater for agricultural use in China and abroad; the potential risks to human health and environmental pollution from the reclaimed municipal wastewater for agricultural reuse are also discussed. And some countermeasures and advices of reclaimed municipal wastewater for safety of agricultural reuse are provided.

叙事艺术中的沉默与发声——读王小波《青铜时代》

在王小波的中篇小说集《青铜时代》中出现了多重叙事结构及表达立场,具有真实与虚假交织网罗以及文本情节随意跳跃的特点。文本跳跃一方面带来了情节分裂和时空错位,人物、叙述者与作者的多重发声形成了"复调",通过发声主体间不同声音的表达造成观点同等地位的假象,在控制叙事中限制道德判断。20世纪90年代的文学生态,显示出一种对于主流话语权的自觉回避,而更加倾向于个人性格边缘叙事,王小波在小说中使用此种叙事策略,自居于主流文坛之外的边缘位置来进行个人化的言说。

碳中和植物降污固碳及其机制研究进展

在经济发展和生态承载的双重制约下,我国实现碳中和碳达峰需要探索更多的技术手段.植物是构建陆地和海洋碳汇体系的重要载体,同时植物修复技术也是治理环境污染的一种科学手段.然而,目前的研究大多集中在植物降污(包括降低环境介质中的污染物浓度和降解污染物两个方面)或植物固碳单一方面,而没有考虑植物降污固碳的双重效益.为挖掘植物的碳中和效应,从碳中和植物入手,深入阐述碳中和植物的降污固碳效应及其进展,评估碳中和植物与其他生物(比如动物、土壤微生物)以及环境功能材料的降污固碳潜力,并对碳中和植物与动物、微生物以及环境功能材料与生态系统协同耦合降污固碳效应的机制进行探究.最后,对碳中和植物降污固碳效应的未来研究方向提出了建设性的展望.

南极特别保护区体系:现状、问题与建议

随着南极变暖、海冰融化、生态系统变化,以及人类对自然资源的需求增加,南极生态环境保护正面临巨大挑战。在国际社会积极推动下,南极特别保护区已经从单一保护区发展为多类型保护区体系。目前,已有16个国家选划72个保护区,其中美国、英国、新西兰、澳大利亚与智利占主导地位,主要覆盖南极半岛与罗斯海维多利亚地地区,并通过发展南极保护生物地理区技术作为保护区的重要识别工具。然而,南极特别保护区体系仍然存在着总体发展进度减缓、保护区信息管理混乱、覆盖率偏低、代表性不足等一系列问题。针对以上问题,本文提出以履行南极环境保护职责为重要前提,加强南极环境保护科学合作为有效途径,积极应对南极气候变化为科学挑战,开展基于生态系统的南极海洋空间规划为发展方向的综合建议,期望推动南极特别保护区体系的进一步优化,以实现南极环境与生态系统的有效保护。