Compared to potential temperature(θ) in the dry atmosphere and equivalent potential temperature(θe) in the saturated atmosphere,generalized potential temperature(θ*) has already proven a better thermodynamic parame...Compared to potential temperature(θ) in the dry atmosphere and equivalent potential temperature(θe) in the saturated atmosphere,generalized potential temperature(θ*) has already proven a better thermodynamic parameter in describing the non-uniformly saturated real atmosphere.To add otherwise absent graphic explanations,this paper first presents the physical definition of θ* through a tephigram.Then,the utility of the measurement in identifying and forecasting the locations of precipitation maxima and heat wave areas with diagnostic comparison studies and traditionally used thermodynamic parameters is shown.展开更多
The effects of precipitation on the moist potential vorticity substance(MPVS) are investigated by analyzing the MPVS with precipitation mass forcing and its impermeability in daily 1°× 1° data of the Na...The effects of precipitation on the moist potential vorticity substance(MPVS) are investigated by analyzing the MPVS with precipitation mass forcing and its impermeability in daily 1°× 1° data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) over the Yangtze River Basin from 21 June to 2 July 1999. The results show that the positive MPVS anomalies appear mainly along the Mei-yu front, where the maximum MPVS collocates with the maximum surface rainfall. Rain case diagnoses indicate that the MPVS anomaly may be used as a dynamical signal to detect the location and shift of the rain band when its impermeability is considered.展开更多
High-resolution numerical simulation results of a squall line initiated along a convergence zone in northeast China on 26 June 2014 were presented in this study.The simulation was performed by a convection-permitting ...High-resolution numerical simulation results of a squall line initiated along a convergence zone in northeast China on 26 June 2014 were presented in this study.The simulation was performed by a convection-permitting model with coarse and fine grids of 4 and 1.33 km,respectively,and the simulation results were validated against the observation.Results showed that the simulation adequately reproduced the life cycle of the squall line,which allowed detailed investigation of the mechanism of convective initiation in this case.The synoptic condition was favorable for convective initiation and the convection was triggered in a convergence zone,where a branch of dry and cold air and a branch of moist and warm air collided.The water vapor flux divergence was inhomogeneous and some cores of water vapor convergence existed in the convergence zone.These cores were the spots where water vapor converged intensely and the air there was forced to rise,creating favorable spots where the convection was initially triggered.A series of quasi-equally spaced vortices near the surface,which themselves were the result of horizontal shear instability,were accountable for the inhomogeneity of the surface water vapor flux divergence.These vortices rotated the moist air into their north and dry air into their south,thus creating more favorable spots for convective initiation in their north.After initiation,the updraft turned the horizontal vorticity into vertical vorticity in the mid-level.The vortices near the surface collaborated with the vorticity maxima in the mid-level and enhanced the development of convection by providing water vapor.展开更多
Objective： To evaluate the effect of Fuzheng Kang＇ai Formula （扶正抗癌方, FZKA） plus gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR） mutations. Methods...Objective： To evaluate the effect of Fuzheng Kang＇ai Formula （扶正抗癌方, FZKA） plus gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR） mutations. Methods： A randomized controlled trial was conducted from 2009 to 2012 in South China. Seventy chemotherapynaive patients diagnosed with stage ⅢB/Ⅳ non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations were randomly assigned to GF group [gefitinib （250 mg/day orally） plus FZKA （250 mL, twice per day, orally）; 35 cases] or G group （gefitinib 250 mg/day orally; 35 cases） according to the random number table and received treatment until progression of the disease, or development of unacceptable toxicities. The primary endpoint [progression-free survival （PFS）] and secondary endpoints [median survival time （MST）, objective response rate （ORR）, disease control rate （DCR） and safety] were observed. Results： No patient was excluded after randomization. GF group had significantly longer PFS and MST compared with the G group, with median PFS of 12.5 months （95% CI 3.30-21.69） vs. 8.4 months （95% CI 6.30-10.50; log-rank P〈0.01）, MST of 21.5 months （95% CI 17.28-25.73） vs. 18.3 months （95% CI 17.97-18.63; log-rank P〈0.01）. ORR and DCR in GF group and G group were 65.7% vs. 57.1%, 94.3% vs. 80.0%, respectively （P〉0.05）. The most common toxic effects in the GF group and G group were rash or acne （42.8% vs. 57.1%, P〉0.05）, diarrhea （11.5% vs. 31.4%, P〈0.05）, and stomatitis （2.9% vs. 8.7%, P〉0.05）. Conclusion： Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer selected by EGFR mutations have longer PFS, MST with less toxicity treated with gefitinib plus FZKA than gefitinib alone.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB421505)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41075044 and 41075079)
文摘Compared to potential temperature(θ) in the dry atmosphere and equivalent potential temperature(θe) in the saturated atmosphere,generalized potential temperature(θ*) has already proven a better thermodynamic parameter in describing the non-uniformly saturated real atmosphere.To add otherwise absent graphic explanations,this paper first presents the physical definition of θ* through a tephigram.Then,the utility of the measurement in identifying and forecasting the locations of precipitation maxima and heat wave areas with diagnostic comparison studies and traditionally used thermodynamic parameters is shown.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2014CB441402)；the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41275065, 41475054, and 41075044).
文摘The effects of precipitation on the moist potential vorticity substance(MPVS) are investigated by analyzing the MPVS with precipitation mass forcing and its impermeability in daily 1°× 1° data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) over the Yangtze River Basin from 21 June to 2 July 1999. The results show that the positive MPVS anomalies appear mainly along the Mei-yu front, where the maximum MPVS collocates with the maximum surface rainfall. Rain case diagnoses indicate that the MPVS anomaly may be used as a dynamical signal to detect the location and shift of the rain band when its impermeability is considered.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41975137,41875074,41475054 and 41875056)。
文摘High-resolution numerical simulation results of a squall line initiated along a convergence zone in northeast China on 26 June 2014 were presented in this study.The simulation was performed by a convection-permitting model with coarse and fine grids of 4 and 1.33 km,respectively,and the simulation results were validated against the observation.Results showed that the simulation adequately reproduced the life cycle of the squall line,which allowed detailed investigation of the mechanism of convective initiation in this case.The synoptic condition was favorable for convective initiation and the convection was triggered in a convergence zone,where a branch of dry and cold air and a branch of moist and warm air collided.The water vapor flux divergence was inhomogeneous and some cores of water vapor convergence existed in the convergence zone.These cores were the spots where water vapor converged intensely and the air there was forced to rise,creating favorable spots where the convection was initially triggered.A series of quasi-equally spaced vortices near the surface,which themselves were the result of horizontal shear instability,were accountable for the inhomogeneity of the surface water vapor flux divergence.These vortices rotated the moist air into their north and dry air into their south,thus creating more favorable spots for convective initiation in their north.After initiation,the updraft turned the horizontal vorticity into vertical vorticity in the mid-level.The vortices near the surface collaborated with the vorticity maxima in the mid-level and enhanced the development of convection by providing water vapor.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81273965,81503507)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2015A030310245)
文摘Objective： To evaluate the effect of Fuzheng Kang＇ai Formula （扶正抗癌方, FZKA） plus gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR） mutations. Methods： A randomized controlled trial was conducted from 2009 to 2012 in South China. Seventy chemotherapynaive patients diagnosed with stage ⅢB/Ⅳ non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations were randomly assigned to GF group [gefitinib （250 mg/day orally） plus FZKA （250 mL, twice per day, orally）; 35 cases] or G group （gefitinib 250 mg/day orally; 35 cases） according to the random number table and received treatment until progression of the disease, or development of unacceptable toxicities. The primary endpoint [progression-free survival （PFS）] and secondary endpoints [median survival time （MST）, objective response rate （ORR）, disease control rate （DCR） and safety] were observed. Results： No patient was excluded after randomization. GF group had significantly longer PFS and MST compared with the G group, with median PFS of 12.5 months （95% CI 3.30-21.69） vs. 8.4 months （95% CI 6.30-10.50; log-rank P〈0.01）, MST of 21.5 months （95% CI 17.28-25.73） vs. 18.3 months （95% CI 17.97-18.63; log-rank P〈0.01）. ORR and DCR in GF group and G group were 65.7% vs. 57.1%, 94.3% vs. 80.0%, respectively （P〉0.05）. The most common toxic effects in the GF group and G group were rash or acne （42.8% vs. 57.1%, P〉0.05）, diarrhea （11.5% vs. 31.4%, P〈0.05）, and stomatitis （2.9% vs. 8.7%, P〉0.05）. Conclusion： Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer selected by EGFR mutations have longer PFS, MST with less toxicity treated with gefitinib plus FZKA than gefitinib alone.
