A new genus of galeaspids(jawless stem-Gnathostomata)from the early Silurian Chongqing Lagerstätte,China

The early Silurian Chongqing Lagerstätte(middle Telychian)yields exceptionally preserved articulated jawless and jawed fishes.Here,we describe a new eugaleaspiform(Galeaspida,jawless stem-Gnathostomata),Miaojiaaspis dichotomus gen.et sp.nov.,from the Chongqing Lagerstätte in Xiushan,Chongqing,China.The new form resembles Tujiaaspis vividus in the short medial dorsal canal,and the presence of the branching ends of the lateral transverse canal.They differ in that T.vividus has highly developed subordinate branches of the sensory canals that form a reticulate sensory canal system,and the median dorsal opening is more elongated.Our phylogenetic analysis recovers M.dichotomus and T.vividus as a monophyletic clade(Tujiaaspidae fam.nov.),which is supported by two synapomorphies:the short medial dorsal canal,and the branching ends of the lateral transverse canal.Tujiaaspidae forms a trichotomy with Shuyuidae and a clade comprising Anjiaspis,Sinogaleaspidae,Yongdongaspidae,and the‘eugaleaspid cluster’.The sensory canal patterns in galeaspids are compared to show the transformation sequence of the sensory canal system in Eugaleaspiformes.

创新经济学大师弗里曼的学术思想与贡献研究

弗里曼教授是世界创新经济学大师。2021年是弗里曼教授诞辰一百周年,回顾总结弗里曼教授的思想体系与学术贡献具有深远的历史意义和现实意义。本文以科学计量学的方法为基础,对弗里曼教授学术思想和学术贡献进行研究。作为熊彼特经济创新理论的继承者和发展者,弗里曼教授以创新经济学研究作为学术思想体系的核心,其学术理论奠定了新熊彼特经济学学派的基础,其学术思想也深受贝尔纳教授的影响。弗里曼教授学术贡献主要可以概括为以下四个方面:(1)提出独特的“技术—经济”长波理论;(2)系统阐释了国家创新系统的概念;(3)开创自成体系的产业创新经济学;(4)创办经济管理领域的顶级期刊Research Policy。弗里曼教授一手创建并领导了科学政策研究所(SPRU),并培养了一支创新研究队伍。他的学术影响广泛而深远,给世界创新思想研究领域留下了宝贵的精神财富,也深刻启发了我国国家创新体系的建设。他强调将技术引进与自主科研有效结合,形成具有战略重心的创新网络的观点对于当下我国跳出欧美国家“技术封锁”的困境具有深刻的指导意义。