Comprehending regional characteristics and influencing factors of China's inbound tourism economy is im-portant to make effective policies that will help inbound tourism develop harmoniously and shrink regional di...Comprehending regional characteristics and influencing factors of China's inbound tourism economy is im-portant to make effective policies that will help inbound tourism develop harmoniously and shrink regional disparity.This paper studied the regional disparity and convergence of China's inbound tourism economy during 1996-2008 with the methods of σ-convergence,club convergence and β-convergence.The results indicate that 1) inbound tourism receipts per capita(ITRPC) of the whole country,the eastern,central and western regions presented the rapid increas-ing trend;2) ITRPC of the whole country was characterized by convergence;3) the eastern region presented club con-vergence,but the central and western regions did not show this trend;4) the star-hotel levels and investment in fixed assets for the tourism industry per capita had a same trend to growth rates of ITRPC,promoting inbound tourism de-velopment,and there was no difference among the 31 provinces(municipalities) in the mainland of China;5) but the proportion of employed persons in the tourism industry accounting for total population and the proportion of the terti-ary industry accounting for GDP had a reversal trend to growth rates of ITRPC,shrinking the provincial disparity in inbound tourism economy,and there were differences between the developed provinces and the developing provinces.Based on these analyses,we put forward some suggestions for the developing provinces to speed up inbound tourism economy.展开更多
The Thornthwaite moisture index, an index of the supply of water(precipitation) in an area relative to the climatic demand for water(potential evapotranspiration), was used to examine the spatial and temporal variatio...The Thornthwaite moisture index, an index of the supply of water(precipitation) in an area relative to the climatic demand for water(potential evapotranspiration), was used to examine the spatial and temporal variation of drought and to verify the influence of environmental factors on the drought in the Hengduan Mountains, China. Results indicate that the Thornthwaite moisture index in the Hengduan Mountains had been increasing since 1960 with a rate of 0.1938/yr. Annual Thornthwaite moisture index in Hengduan Mountains was between –97.47 and 67.43 and the spatial heterogeneity was obvious in different seasons. Thornthwaite moisture index was high in the north and low in the south, and the monsoon rainfall had a significant impact on its spatial distribution. The tendency rate of Thornthwaite moisture index variation varied in different seasons, and the increasing trends in spring were greater than that in summer and autumn. However, the Thornthwaite moisture index decreased in winter. Thornthwaite moisture index increased greatly in the north and there was a small growth in the south of Hengduan Mountains. The increase of precipitation and decrease of evaporation lead to the increase of Thornthwaite moisture index. Thornthwaite moisture index has strong correlation with vegetation coverage. It can be seen that the correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Thornthwaite moisture index was positive in spring and summer, but negative in autumn and winter. Correlation between Thornthwaite moisture index and relative soil relative moisture content was positive in spring, summer and autumn, but negative in winter. The typical mountainous terrain affect the distribution of temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other meteorological factors in this region, and then affect the spatial distribution of Thornthwaite moisture index. The unique ridge-gorge terrain caused the continuity of water-heat distribution from the north to south, and the water-heat was stronger than that from the east to west part, and thus determined the spatial distribution of Thornthwaite moisture index. The drought in the Hengduan Mountains area is mainly due to the unstable South Asian monsoon rainfall time.展开更多
This paper presents an integrated study of urban spatial expansion in the Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province, China based on TM, ETM remote sensing data in 1987, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2006 and 2011. The study explores the char...This paper presents an integrated study of urban spatial expansion in the Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province, China based on TM, ETM remote sensing data in 1987, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2006 and 2011. The study explores the characteristics of urban spatial expansion and dynamic mechanism by using expansion speed index, expansion intensity index, compact index, fractal dimension, and extended flexibility index. We built the index system of influencing factors of urban spatial expansion by using the grey incidence model. The results showed that urban spatial expansion rate in the Hexi Corridor has been on the upward trend since 1987. Expansion intensity showed an obvious upward trend, however, the upward trend varied in different urban areas. In addition, the urban structure was loose relatively, but the urban compactness was more obvious. The urban spatial form tended to be simple, and the urban land use tended to become more intensive. Urban spatial expansion experienced several stages: padding internally, external expansion and padding internally. The main driving factors of urban spatial expansion are not the urban water resources and the oasis scale, but one or several factors such as economy, traffic, population, resource and national policy.展开更多
目的:观察中药血必净调控神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和S-100B对大鼠颅脑损伤及神经功能的影响。方法:20只雄性SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组10只。改良Marmarou方法建立颅脑损伤模型,对照组模拟手术过程,不使用外力打击。建模后24 ...目的:观察中药血必净调控神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和S-100B对大鼠颅脑损伤及神经功能的影响。方法:20只雄性SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组10只。改良Marmarou方法建立颅脑损伤模型,对照组模拟手术过程,不使用外力打击。建模后24 h开始加用药物治疗,对照组0.9%生理盐水治疗。Longa评分法评估神经功能,透射电子显微镜观察脑组织切片的细胞结构,蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测NSE,S-100B表达。采用t检验。结果:实验组额顶区的皮质内存在以皱缩样变性为特征的神经元改变及轴索肿胀回缩球。对照组额顶区的皮质水肿明显。与对照组(31.260±1.472)比较,实验组7 d NSE蛋白表达水平显著低于对照组(14.324±0.780),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组(76.325±21.762)比较,实验组7 d NSE蛋白表达水平显著低于对照组(58.310±15.216),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中药血必净改善大鼠神经功能,实验组大鼠得分较对照组显著改善,差异有统计学意义(1.980±0.761,2.690±0.972,P<0.01)。结论:中药血必净能够通过调控NSE和S-100B表达水平,减轻脑损伤病理损害,改善脑损伤后的神经功能状况。展开更多
Based on the meteorological data of 20 stations in the Hengduan Mountains region during 1961–2009, the annual and seasonal variation of potential evapotranspiration was analyzed in combination with the Penman-Monteit...Based on the meteorological data of 20 stations in the Hengduan Mountains region during 1961–2009, the annual and seasonal variation of potential evapotranspiration was analyzed in combination with the Penman-Monteith model. With the method of Spline interpolation under ArcGIS, the spatial distribution of potential evapotranspiration was presented to research the regional difference, and the correlation analysis was used to discuss the dominant factor affecting the potential evapotranspiration. The results indicated that the an-nual potential evapotranspiration showed a decreasing tendency since the 1960s, especially from the 1980s to 1990s, while it showed an increasing tendency since 2000. Regional potential evapotranspiration showed a rate of –0.17 mm a？1. Potential evapotranspiration in north, middle and south of the Hengduan Mountains exhibited decreasing trends over the studied period, and its regional trend was on the decline from southwest to northeast.展开更多
Based on the data of relative soil moisture in 653 agricultural meteorological stations during the period of 1993-2013 in China, the characteristics and regularity of spatial and temporal variation of relative soil mo...Based on the data of relative soil moisture in 653 agricultural meteorological stations during the period of 1993-2013 in China, the characteristics and regularity of spatial and temporal variation of relative soil moisture in China's farmland were analyzed and discussed using geostatistical methods. The results showed that the relative soil moisture of China's farmland has shown a fluctuant increasing trend since 1993. The relative soil moisture of China's farmland is more than 60% in general, its distribution area has been expanded northward and westward with the summer monsoon since mid-April and began to shrink eastward and southward in late October. The value of relative soil moisture increases with the increase of soil depth. On an interannual scale, the relative soil moisture of farmland increased fastest in summer and autumn, and its variation range decreased with the increase of soil depth. The relative soil moisture was positively correlated with precipitation, and negatively correlated with potential evaporation and temperature. The correlation between relative soil moisture and various meteorological factors weakened as soil depth increased. The meteorological factors have a great influence on relative soil moisture of dry land in spring, summer and autumn and they also have a greater impact on relative soil moisture of paddy fields in winter.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40971019)National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2007CB411501)
文摘Comprehending regional characteristics and influencing factors of China's inbound tourism economy is im-portant to make effective policies that will help inbound tourism develop harmoniously and shrink regional disparity.This paper studied the regional disparity and convergence of China's inbound tourism economy during 1996-2008 with the methods of σ-convergence,club convergence and β-convergence.The results indicate that 1) inbound tourism receipts per capita(ITRPC) of the whole country,the eastern,central and western regions presented the rapid increas-ing trend;2) ITRPC of the whole country was characterized by convergence;3) the eastern region presented club con-vergence,but the central and western regions did not show this trend;4) the star-hotel levels and investment in fixed assets for the tourism industry per capita had a same trend to growth rates of ITRPC,promoting inbound tourism de-velopment,and there was no difference among the 31 provinces(municipalities) in the mainland of China;5) but the proportion of employed persons in the tourism industry accounting for total population and the proportion of the terti-ary industry accounting for GDP had a reversal trend to growth rates of ITRPC,shrinking the provincial disparity in inbound tourism economy,and there were differences between the developed provinces and the developing provinces.Based on these analyses,we put forward some suggestions for the developing provinces to speed up inbound tourism economy.
基金Under the auspices of Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2015M570864)Open-ended Fund of State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.SKLCS-OP-2014-11)+2 种基金Northwest Normal University Young Teachers Scientific Research Ability Promotion Plan(No.NWNU-LKQN-13-10)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41273010,41271133)Major National Research Projects of China(No.2013CBA01808)
文摘The Thornthwaite moisture index, an index of the supply of water(precipitation) in an area relative to the climatic demand for water(potential evapotranspiration), was used to examine the spatial and temporal variation of drought and to verify the influence of environmental factors on the drought in the Hengduan Mountains, China. Results indicate that the Thornthwaite moisture index in the Hengduan Mountains had been increasing since 1960 with a rate of 0.1938/yr. Annual Thornthwaite moisture index in Hengduan Mountains was between –97.47 and 67.43 and the spatial heterogeneity was obvious in different seasons. Thornthwaite moisture index was high in the north and low in the south, and the monsoon rainfall had a significant impact on its spatial distribution. The tendency rate of Thornthwaite moisture index variation varied in different seasons, and the increasing trends in spring were greater than that in summer and autumn. However, the Thornthwaite moisture index decreased in winter. Thornthwaite moisture index increased greatly in the north and there was a small growth in the south of Hengduan Mountains. The increase of precipitation and decrease of evaporation lead to the increase of Thornthwaite moisture index. Thornthwaite moisture index has strong correlation with vegetation coverage. It can be seen that the correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Thornthwaite moisture index was positive in spring and summer, but negative in autumn and winter. Correlation between Thornthwaite moisture index and relative soil relative moisture content was positive in spring, summer and autumn, but negative in winter. The typical mountainous terrain affect the distribution of temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other meteorological factors in this region, and then affect the spatial distribution of Thornthwaite moisture index. The unique ridge-gorge terrain caused the continuity of water-heat distribution from the north to south, and the water-heat was stronger than that from the east to west part, and thus determined the spatial distribution of Thornthwaite moisture index. The drought in the Hengduan Mountains area is mainly due to the unstable South Asian monsoon rainfall time.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41271133,41261104)National Social Science Foundation of China(No.12CTJ001)
文摘This paper presents an integrated study of urban spatial expansion in the Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province, China based on TM, ETM remote sensing data in 1987, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2006 and 2011. The study explores the characteristics of urban spatial expansion and dynamic mechanism by using expansion speed index, expansion intensity index, compact index, fractal dimension, and extended flexibility index. We built the index system of influencing factors of urban spatial expansion by using the grey incidence model. The results showed that urban spatial expansion rate in the Hexi Corridor has been on the upward trend since 1987. Expansion intensity showed an obvious upward trend, however, the upward trend varied in different urban areas. In addition, the urban structure was loose relatively, but the urban compactness was more obvious. The urban spatial form tended to be simple, and the urban land use tended to become more intensive. Urban spatial expansion experienced several stages: padding internally, external expansion and padding internally. The main driving factors of urban spatial expansion are not the urban water resources and the oasis scale, but one or several factors such as economy, traffic, population, resource and national policy.
文摘目的:观察中药血必净调控神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和S-100B对大鼠颅脑损伤及神经功能的影响。方法:20只雄性SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组10只。改良Marmarou方法建立颅脑损伤模型,对照组模拟手术过程,不使用外力打击。建模后24 h开始加用药物治疗,对照组0.9%生理盐水治疗。Longa评分法评估神经功能,透射电子显微镜观察脑组织切片的细胞结构,蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测NSE,S-100B表达。采用t检验。结果:实验组额顶区的皮质内存在以皱缩样变性为特征的神经元改变及轴索肿胀回缩球。对照组额顶区的皮质水肿明显。与对照组(31.260±1.472)比较,实验组7 d NSE蛋白表达水平显著低于对照组(14.324±0.780),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组(76.325±21.762)比较,实验组7 d NSE蛋白表达水平显著低于对照组(58.310±15.216),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中药血必净改善大鼠神经功能,实验组大鼠得分较对照组显著改善,差异有统计学意义(1.980±0.761,2.690±0.972,P<0.01)。结论:中药血必净能够通过调控NSE和S-100B表达水平,减轻脑损伤病理损害,改善脑损伤后的神经功能状况。
基金National Basic Research Program of China,No.2010CB951404National Basic Research Program of China,No.2007CB411501+5 种基金 National Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC）,No.40971019 No.90511007 No.40801028 NSFC,No.J0630966 Major Directionality Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.KZCXZ-YW-317 West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.O828A11001
文摘Based on the meteorological data of 20 stations in the Hengduan Mountains region during 1961–2009, the annual and seasonal variation of potential evapotranspiration was analyzed in combination with the Penman-Monteith model. With the method of Spline interpolation under ArcGIS, the spatial distribution of potential evapotranspiration was presented to research the regional difference, and the correlation analysis was used to discuss the dominant factor affecting the potential evapotranspiration. The results indicated that the an-nual potential evapotranspiration showed a decreasing tendency since the 1960s, especially from the 1980s to 1990s, while it showed an increasing tendency since 2000. Regional potential evapotranspiration showed a rate of –0.17 mm a？1. Potential evapotranspiration in north, middle and south of the Hengduan Mountains exhibited decreasing trends over the studied period, and its regional trend was on the decline from southwest to northeast.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41661005,No.41867030Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2016T90961+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation Innovation Research Group Science Foundation of China,No.41421061Autonomous Project of State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences,No.SKLCS-ZZ-2017Remote Sensing Monitoring Special Project of Rotation and Fallow System in Pilot Regions under Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China,No.SCZG2017-ZB-2187/1-HT
文摘Based on the data of relative soil moisture in 653 agricultural meteorological stations during the period of 1993-2013 in China, the characteristics and regularity of spatial and temporal variation of relative soil moisture in China's farmland were analyzed and discussed using geostatistical methods. The results showed that the relative soil moisture of China's farmland has shown a fluctuant increasing trend since 1993. The relative soil moisture of China's farmland is more than 60% in general, its distribution area has been expanded northward and westward with the summer monsoon since mid-April and began to shrink eastward and southward in late October. The value of relative soil moisture increases with the increase of soil depth. On an interannual scale, the relative soil moisture of farmland increased fastest in summer and autumn, and its variation range decreased with the increase of soil depth. The relative soil moisture was positively correlated with precipitation, and negatively correlated with potential evaporation and temperature. The correlation between relative soil moisture and various meteorological factors weakened as soil depth increased. The meteorological factors have a great influence on relative soil moisture of dry land in spring, summer and autumn and they also have a greater impact on relative soil moisture of paddy fields in winter.
