草地在大渡河干暖河谷植被恢复及植物群落演替中具有重要作用,而植被恢复的关键在于土壤质量。将大渡河干暖河谷泸定至汉源段,依据坡向划分为8个方位(北、东北、东、东南、南、西南、西、西北),分析了不同坡向和植被盖度草地的土壤理化...草地在大渡河干暖河谷植被恢复及植物群落演替中具有重要作用,而植被恢复的关键在于土壤质量。将大渡河干暖河谷泸定至汉源段,依据坡向划分为8个方位(北、东北、东、东南、南、西南、西、西北),分析了不同坡向和植被盖度草地的土壤理化性质,采用主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)对河谷区草地土壤质量进行了评价。结果表明:(1)影响河谷草地土壤质量的最小数据集(Minimum data set,MDS)指标包括非毛管孔隙度、土壤容重、有机质和碳氮比;(2)河谷从东北坡过渡到西南坡土壤质量逐渐降低,与南坡热而干旱的微气候使土壤矿化作用剧烈,而北坡适宜的光热和水热条件更有利于土壤中钾和磷的释放有关;(3)植被盖度与土壤质量呈正相关关系,随着草地植被盖度减少土壤质量逐渐降低。高植被盖度(>70%)土壤质量主要受非毛管空隙度影响,而低高盖度草地(<30%)主要受土壤容重影响;(4)河谷区草地土壤质量指数中间值分布较多,土壤肥力属于2—4级中等水平。大渡河干暖河谷区草地土壤质量较好,潜在肥力水平较高,有利于植物生长和植物群落正向演替,是植被人工恢复的重点区域。展开更多
成熟森林的碳收支对陆地生态系统碳循环研究具有重要意义。目前,我国关于西南亚高山暗针叶林成熟林碳通量的研究还相对较少,尚不明确对碳循环的作用。以涡度相关技术为基础,对川西贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉成熟林生态系统尺度的CO_2通量进行...成熟森林的碳收支对陆地生态系统碳循环研究具有重要意义。目前,我国关于西南亚高山暗针叶林成熟林碳通量的研究还相对较少,尚不明确对碳循环的作用。以涡度相关技术为基础,对川西贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉成熟林生态系统尺度的CO_2通量进行长期定位观测。利用2015年6月至2016年5月观测数据,分析了峨眉冷杉成熟林净生态系统CO_2交换量(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(Re)和总生态系统生产力(GPP)的季节变异特征及其源汇状况,并结合环境因子,分析CO_2通量的主要控制因子。结果表明:(1)峨眉冷杉成熟林NEE具有明显的日变化特征,呈现"U"形变化,白天为负值,夜间为正值,中午前后CO_2通量达到最大;各月间日平均NEE变化差异显著,NEE峰值最大出现在2015年6月(-0.64 mg CO_2m^(-2)s^(-1)),峰值最小出现在2016年1月(-0.08 mg CO_2m^(-2)s^(-1));日平均NEE由正值变为负值的时间夏季最早,冬季最晚,NEE由负值变为正值的时间冬季最早,夏季最晚。(2)峨眉冷杉成熟林NEE、Re和GPP具有明显的月变化。2015年6月和12月NEE分别达到最大值(-46.02 g C m^(-2)月^(-1))和最小值(-1.42 g C m^(-2)月^(-1));Re呈现单峰变化,最大和最小值分别出现在2015年6月(84.78 g C m^(-2)月^(-1))和2016年1月(12.82 g C m^(-2)月^(-1));GPP最大值和最小值分别出现在2015年6月(130.81 g C m^(-2)月^(-1))与2016年1月(16.15 g C m^(-2)月^(-1))。(3)空气温度(T_a)、5 cm土壤温度(T_(s5))和光合有效辐射(PAR)是影响峨眉冷杉成熟林CO_2通量的主要环境因子。T_a与CO_2通量呈指数相关(R^2=0.5283,P<0.01);白天CO_2通量与PAR显著相关(R^2=0.4373,P<0.01);夜晚CO_2通量与T_(s5)显著相关(R^2=0.4717,P<0.01)。(4)全年NEE、Re和GPP分别为-241.87、564.81 g C m^(-2)和806.68 g C m^(-2),表明川西贡嘎山峨眉冷杉成熟林具有较强的碳汇功能。展开更多
Little is known about whether soil microbial population dynamics are correlated with forest succession.To test the hypotheses that(1) soil microbial composition changes over successional stages,and(2) soil microbial d...Little is known about whether soil microbial population dynamics are correlated with forest succession.To test the hypotheses that(1) soil microbial composition changes over successional stages,and(2) soil microbial diversity is positively correlated with plant species diversity,we determined the soil microbial populations,community composition,and microflora diversity in evergreen broad-leaved forests along a chronosequence of vegetation succession from 5 to 300 years in southwestern China.The soil microbial community was mainly composed of bacteria(87.1-98.7% of the total microorganisms and 10 genera identified),fungi(0.3-4.0%,7 genera),and actinomycetes(2.1-9.1%,8 species and 1 genus).There were significant differences in soil microbial populations among different successional stages and within the four seasons.The seasonal variations of the soil microbial community may be associated with the seasonal changes in environmental conditions.The changes in soil microbial diversity(Shannon-Wiener index) with successional time followed one-humped,convex curves peaked at-100 years since restoration,which is identical with the trends of the aboveground plant diversity.Higher plant diversity resulting in enhanced nutrient flow and root exudation may contribute to positive relationships between the soil microbial diversity and plant diversity.Hence,decreases in soil microbial diversity in the late-successional stages appear to be related to the net loss in species richness that occurs after 100 years since restoration.Our findings confirm the intermediate disturbance hypothesis that suggests diversity peaks at midsuccessional stages.展开更多
Long-term monitoring programs for measurement of atmospheric mercury concentrations are presently recognized as powerful tools for local,regional and global studies of atmospheric long-range transport processes,and th...Long-term monitoring programs for measurement of atmospheric mercury concentrations are presently recognized as powerful tools for local,regional and global studies of atmospheric long-range transport processes,and they could also provide valuable information about the impact of emission controls on the global budget of atmospheric mercury,their observance and an insight into the global mercury cycle. China is believed to be an increasing atmospheric mercury emission source. However,only a few measurements of mercury,to our knowledge,have been done in ambient air over China. The highly-time resolved atmospheric mercury concen-trations have been measured at Moxi Base Station (102°72′E 29°92′N,1640 m asl) of the Gongga Alpine Ecosystem Observation and Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) from May 2005 to June 2006 by using a set of Automatic Atmospheric Mercury Speciation Analyzers (Tekran 2537A). Measurements were carried out with a time resolution of every 15 minutes. The overall average total gaseous mercury (TGM) covering the measurement periods was 4±1.38 ng·m-3 (N=57310),which is higher than the global background level of approximately 1.5～2.0 ng·m-3. The measurements in all seasons showed a similar diurnal change pattern with a high concentration during daytime relative to nighttime and maximum concentration near solar noon and minimum concentration immediately before sunrise. The presence of diurnal TGM peaks during spring and summer was found earlier than that during autumn and winter. When divided seasonally,it was found that the concentrations of TGM were highest in winter with 6.13 ± 1.78 ng·m-3 and lowest in summer with 3.17 ± 0.67 ng·m-3. There were no significant differences in TGM among wind sectors during each season. Whereas Hg generally exhibited significant correlations with the parameters,such as temperature,saturated vapor pressure,precipitation,ultraviolet radiation (UV) and atmospheric pressure at the whole measurement stage,and the correlations varied seasonally. Our results suggest that the local or regional abundant geothermal activities,such as thermal spring,anthropogenic source processes and changes in meteorological conditions,regulate and affect Hg behavior in the study area.展开更多
In a view of natural conditions of establishing nature reserve,an index system was prepared for quantitative assessment on status of endangered species,and thus degree of endangered species in Tibet was evaluated.Taki...In a view of natural conditions of establishing nature reserve,an index system was prepared for quantitative assessment on status of endangered species,and thus degree of endangered species in Tibet was evaluated.Taking a sub-ecozone as basic unit,top 5 animals and 1 plant with high E as well as the number of species in each unit were enumerated;and the degree of land utilization was figured out.Afterward,we selected 6 coefficients,assigned weight,and framed formula to reckon proportion of nature reserve,thus an area of nature reserve in each sub-ecozone was obtained.In 5 schemes of weight assignment,a scheme with medium area of nature reserve was selected.All sub-ecozones were classified into 4 grades prior conservation,1 was in grade A,2 in grade B,2 in grade C,and 11 in grade D.Total planned area was approximately 365 135 km2,about 48 834 km2 smaller than the actual area of 413 969 km2,ratio of nature reserve in Tibet diminishes from 34.4% to 30.38%.Based on 3 factors of human disturbance,ratio of buffer-experimental zone in proposed nature reserve was calculated.It was demonstrated that existing size of nature reserves is excessive on the whole,and their distribution is not reasonable entirely.The size of nature reserves in 3 sub-ecozones of northern Changtang should decrease,and decrement of area is apportioned among other 13 sub-ecozones which should increase nature reserve.Heterogeneity of regional distribution of rare species in Tibet is quite obvious,so proposed area distribution of nature reserves is more scattered than the existing.展开更多
文摘草地在大渡河干暖河谷植被恢复及植物群落演替中具有重要作用,而植被恢复的关键在于土壤质量。将大渡河干暖河谷泸定至汉源段,依据坡向划分为8个方位(北、东北、东、东南、南、西南、西、西北),分析了不同坡向和植被盖度草地的土壤理化性质,采用主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)对河谷区草地土壤质量进行了评价。结果表明:(1)影响河谷草地土壤质量的最小数据集(Minimum data set,MDS)指标包括非毛管孔隙度、土壤容重、有机质和碳氮比;(2)河谷从东北坡过渡到西南坡土壤质量逐渐降低,与南坡热而干旱的微气候使土壤矿化作用剧烈,而北坡适宜的光热和水热条件更有利于土壤中钾和磷的释放有关;(3)植被盖度与土壤质量呈正相关关系,随着草地植被盖度减少土壤质量逐渐降低。高植被盖度(>70%)土壤质量主要受非毛管空隙度影响,而低高盖度草地(<30%)主要受土壤容重影响;(4)河谷区草地土壤质量指数中间值分布较多,土壤肥力属于2—4级中等水平。大渡河干暖河谷区草地土壤质量较好,潜在肥力水平较高,有利于植物生长和植物群落正向演替,是植被人工恢复的重点区域。
文摘成熟森林的碳收支对陆地生态系统碳循环研究具有重要意义。目前,我国关于西南亚高山暗针叶林成熟林碳通量的研究还相对较少,尚不明确对碳循环的作用。以涡度相关技术为基础,对川西贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉成熟林生态系统尺度的CO_2通量进行长期定位观测。利用2015年6月至2016年5月观测数据,分析了峨眉冷杉成熟林净生态系统CO_2交换量(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(Re)和总生态系统生产力(GPP)的季节变异特征及其源汇状况,并结合环境因子,分析CO_2通量的主要控制因子。结果表明:(1)峨眉冷杉成熟林NEE具有明显的日变化特征,呈现"U"形变化,白天为负值,夜间为正值,中午前后CO_2通量达到最大;各月间日平均NEE变化差异显著,NEE峰值最大出现在2015年6月(-0.64 mg CO_2m^(-2)s^(-1)),峰值最小出现在2016年1月(-0.08 mg CO_2m^(-2)s^(-1));日平均NEE由正值变为负值的时间夏季最早,冬季最晚,NEE由负值变为正值的时间冬季最早,夏季最晚。(2)峨眉冷杉成熟林NEE、Re和GPP具有明显的月变化。2015年6月和12月NEE分别达到最大值(-46.02 g C m^(-2)月^(-1))和最小值(-1.42 g C m^(-2)月^(-1));Re呈现单峰变化,最大和最小值分别出现在2015年6月(84.78 g C m^(-2)月^(-1))和2016年1月(12.82 g C m^(-2)月^(-1));GPP最大值和最小值分别出现在2015年6月(130.81 g C m^(-2)月^(-1))与2016年1月(16.15 g C m^(-2)月^(-1))。(3)空气温度(T_a)、5 cm土壤温度(T_(s5))和光合有效辐射(PAR)是影响峨眉冷杉成熟林CO_2通量的主要环境因子。T_a与CO_2通量呈指数相关(R^2=0.5283,P<0.01);白天CO_2通量与PAR显著相关(R^2=0.4373,P<0.01);夜晚CO_2通量与T_(s5)显著相关(R^2=0.4717,P<0.01)。(4)全年NEE、Re和GPP分别为-241.87、564.81 g C m^(-2)和806.68 g C m^(-2),表明川西贡嘎山峨眉冷杉成熟林具有较强的碳汇功能。
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.30872017)the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KZCX2-YW-331-3)the Eleventh Five-year Plan of Science & Tech Program of China (Grant No.2008BAD98B06)
文摘Little is known about whether soil microbial population dynamics are correlated with forest succession.To test the hypotheses that(1) soil microbial composition changes over successional stages,and(2) soil microbial diversity is positively correlated with plant species diversity,we determined the soil microbial populations,community composition,and microflora diversity in evergreen broad-leaved forests along a chronosequence of vegetation succession from 5 to 300 years in southwestern China.The soil microbial community was mainly composed of bacteria(87.1-98.7% of the total microorganisms and 10 genera identified),fungi(0.3-4.0%,7 genera),and actinomycetes(2.1-9.1%,8 species and 1 genus).There were significant differences in soil microbial populations among different successional stages and within the four seasons.The seasonal variations of the soil microbial community may be associated with the seasonal changes in environmental conditions.The changes in soil microbial diversity(Shannon-Wiener index) with successional time followed one-humped,convex curves peaked at-100 years since restoration,which is identical with the trends of the aboveground plant diversity.Higher plant diversity resulting in enhanced nutrient flow and root exudation may contribute to positive relationships between the soil microbial diversity and plant diversity.Hence,decreases in soil microbial diversity in the late-successional stages appear to be related to the net loss in species richness that occurs after 100 years since restoration.Our findings confirm the intermediate disturbance hypothesis that suggests diversity peaks at midsuccessional stages.
文摘Long-term monitoring programs for measurement of atmospheric mercury concentrations are presently recognized as powerful tools for local,regional and global studies of atmospheric long-range transport processes,and they could also provide valuable information about the impact of emission controls on the global budget of atmospheric mercury,their observance and an insight into the global mercury cycle. China is believed to be an increasing atmospheric mercury emission source. However,only a few measurements of mercury,to our knowledge,have been done in ambient air over China. The highly-time resolved atmospheric mercury concen-trations have been measured at Moxi Base Station (102°72′E 29°92′N,1640 m asl) of the Gongga Alpine Ecosystem Observation and Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) from May 2005 to June 2006 by using a set of Automatic Atmospheric Mercury Speciation Analyzers (Tekran 2537A). Measurements were carried out with a time resolution of every 15 minutes. The overall average total gaseous mercury (TGM) covering the measurement periods was 4±1.38 ng·m-3 (N=57310),which is higher than the global background level of approximately 1.5～2.0 ng·m-3. The measurements in all seasons showed a similar diurnal change pattern with a high concentration during daytime relative to nighttime and maximum concentration near solar noon and minimum concentration immediately before sunrise. The presence of diurnal TGM peaks during spring and summer was found earlier than that during autumn and winter. When divided seasonally,it was found that the concentrations of TGM were highest in winter with 6.13 ± 1.78 ng·m-3 and lowest in summer with 3.17 ± 0.67 ng·m-3. There were no significant differences in TGM among wind sectors during each season. Whereas Hg generally exhibited significant correlations with the parameters,such as temperature,saturated vapor pressure,precipitation,ultraviolet radiation (UV) and atmospheric pressure at the whole measurement stage,and the correlations varied seasonally. Our results suggest that the local or regional abundant geothermal activities,such as thermal spring,anthropogenic source processes and changes in meteorological conditions,regulate and affect Hg behavior in the study area.
基金Supported by item of "regionalization of ecological function in Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)" sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency of TAR
文摘In a view of natural conditions of establishing nature reserve,an index system was prepared for quantitative assessment on status of endangered species,and thus degree of endangered species in Tibet was evaluated.Taking a sub-ecozone as basic unit,top 5 animals and 1 plant with high E as well as the number of species in each unit were enumerated;and the degree of land utilization was figured out.Afterward,we selected 6 coefficients,assigned weight,and framed formula to reckon proportion of nature reserve,thus an area of nature reserve in each sub-ecozone was obtained.In 5 schemes of weight assignment,a scheme with medium area of nature reserve was selected.All sub-ecozones were classified into 4 grades prior conservation,1 was in grade A,2 in grade B,2 in grade C,and 11 in grade D.Total planned area was approximately 365 135 km2,about 48 834 km2 smaller than the actual area of 413 969 km2,ratio of nature reserve in Tibet diminishes from 34.4% to 30.38%.Based on 3 factors of human disturbance,ratio of buffer-experimental zone in proposed nature reserve was calculated.It was demonstrated that existing size of nature reserves is excessive on the whole,and their distribution is not reasonable entirely.The size of nature reserves in 3 sub-ecozones of northern Changtang should decrease,and decrement of area is apportioned among other 13 sub-ecozones which should increase nature reserve.Heterogeneity of regional distribution of rare species in Tibet is quite obvious,so proposed area distribution of nature reserves is more scattered than the existing.
