This article proposes and demonstrates a retrodirective array(RDA)for two-way wireless communication with automatic beam tracking.The proposed RDA is enabled by specifically designed chips made using a domestic comple...This article proposes and demonstrates a retrodirective array(RDA)for two-way wireless communication with automatic beam tracking.The proposed RDA is enabled by specifically designed chips made using a domestic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS)process.The highly integrated CMOS chip includes a receiving(Rx)chain,a transmitting(Tx)chain,and a unique tracking phaselocked loop(PLL)for the crucial conjugated phase recovery in the RDA.This article also proposes a method to reduce the beam pointing error(BPE)in a conventional RDA.To validate the above ideas simply yet without loss of generality,a 2.4 GHz RDA is demonstrated through two-way communication links between the Rx and Tx chains,and an on-chip quadrature coupler is designed to achieve a nonretrodirective signal suppression of 23 dBc.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RDA,which incorporates domestically manufactured low-cost 0.18 lm CMOS chips,is capable of automatically tracking beams covering±40with a reduced BPE.Each CMOS chip in the RDA has a compact size of 4.62 mm^(2) and a low power consumption of 0.15 W.To the best of the authors’knowledge,this is the first research to demonstrate an RDA with a fully customized CMOS chip for wireless communication with automatic beam tracking。展开更多
The primary cilium,as a mechanical receptor of osteocytes,participates in the regulation of osteocyte mechanosensitivity.However,how the length of osteocyte primary cilia changes with fluid shear stress(FSS)are unclea...The primary cilium,as a mechanical receptor of osteocytes,participates in the regulation of osteocyte mechanosensitivity.However,how the length of osteocyte primary cilia changes with fluid shear stress(FSS)are unclear,and how the mechanical transmission within osteocytes altered by primary cilia is not well understood yet.Therefore,the ciliary length changes of osteocyte under 15dyn/cm2 of FSS were experimentally detected,and then 3D finite element models of osteocyte primary cilia containing the basal body and axoneme were built.The results showed that(1)The ciliary length of the CON group,FSS 1h,and FSS 6h were 3.71±1.34μm,3.79±1.04μm,and 1.24±0.73μm respectively,indicating the different durations of FSS might lead to the adaptive changes of cilium length.The calculations showed(2)when the ciliary length became shorter with the ciliary angle stayed the same,the deformation and stress of the cell membrane and membrane skeleton was increased.However,the deformation and stress of the cilia membrane,basal body,the rotation angles of basal body were decreased,and those of cytoplasm,cytoskeleton,actin cortex and nucleus were also decreased;(3)With the decrease of the ciliary angle,the deformation and stress of the cilia membrane,basal body,as well as the rotation angles of basal body were increased.Those of the cytoplasm,cytoskeleton,actin cortex,and nucleus were also increased except the cell membrane and membrane skeleton.The calculation results suggested the length and angle of the primary cilia,the deformation and stress of intracellular structures in osteocyte were altered with ciliary basal body,indicated the connection between the basal body and cytoskeleton may be a key factor that affected the mechanical transport in osteocytes across the cell membrane.This finally promoted the adaptive change of ciliary length under FSS.展开更多
Xinjiang in northwest China has long served as a crucial bridge for the exchange of Eastern and Western civilizations.On this vast land,the Uygur and various other ethnic groups have jointly created a rich and unique ...Xinjiang in northwest China has long served as a crucial bridge for the exchange of Eastern and Western civilizations.On this vast land,the Uygur and various other ethnic groups have jointly created a rich and unique cultural heritage,which not only carries the historical memories of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang but also is an indispensable and important part of Chinese culture,as well as a treasure of world culture.With the passage of time,the question of how to effectively protect this precious cultural heritage has become increasingly important.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFB2204701)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61831006,62022023,and 62250610223)in part by the Big Data Computing Center at Southeast University for numerical calculation.
文摘This article proposes and demonstrates a retrodirective array(RDA)for two-way wireless communication with automatic beam tracking.The proposed RDA is enabled by specifically designed chips made using a domestic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS)process.The highly integrated CMOS chip includes a receiving(Rx)chain,a transmitting(Tx)chain,and a unique tracking phaselocked loop(PLL)for the crucial conjugated phase recovery in the RDA.This article also proposes a method to reduce the beam pointing error(BPE)in a conventional RDA.To validate the above ideas simply yet without loss of generality,a 2.4 GHz RDA is demonstrated through two-way communication links between the Rx and Tx chains,and an on-chip quadrature coupler is designed to achieve a nonretrodirective signal suppression of 23 dBc.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RDA,which incorporates domestically manufactured low-cost 0.18 lm CMOS chips,is capable of automatically tracking beams covering±40with a reduced BPE.Each CMOS chip in the RDA has a compact size of 4.62 mm^(2) and a low power consumption of 0.15 W.To the best of the authors’knowledge,this is the first research to demonstrate an RDA with a fully customized CMOS chip for wireless communication with automatic beam tracking。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(11972068,12002026).
文摘The primary cilium,as a mechanical receptor of osteocytes,participates in the regulation of osteocyte mechanosensitivity.However,how the length of osteocyte primary cilia changes with fluid shear stress(FSS)are unclear,and how the mechanical transmission within osteocytes altered by primary cilia is not well understood yet.Therefore,the ciliary length changes of osteocyte under 15dyn/cm2 of FSS were experimentally detected,and then 3D finite element models of osteocyte primary cilia containing the basal body and axoneme were built.The results showed that(1)The ciliary length of the CON group,FSS 1h,and FSS 6h were 3.71±1.34μm,3.79±1.04μm,and 1.24±0.73μm respectively,indicating the different durations of FSS might lead to the adaptive changes of cilium length.The calculations showed(2)when the ciliary length became shorter with the ciliary angle stayed the same,the deformation and stress of the cell membrane and membrane skeleton was increased.However,the deformation and stress of the cilia membrane,basal body,the rotation angles of basal body were decreased,and those of cytoplasm,cytoskeleton,actin cortex and nucleus were also decreased;(3)With the decrease of the ciliary angle,the deformation and stress of the cilia membrane,basal body,as well as the rotation angles of basal body were increased.Those of the cytoplasm,cytoskeleton,actin cortex,and nucleus were also increased except the cell membrane and membrane skeleton.The calculation results suggested the length and angle of the primary cilia,the deformation and stress of intracellular structures in osteocyte were altered with ciliary basal body,indicated the connection between the basal body and cytoskeleton may be a key factor that affected the mechanical transport in osteocytes across the cell membrane.This finally promoted the adaptive change of ciliary length under FSS.
文摘Xinjiang in northwest China has long served as a crucial bridge for the exchange of Eastern and Western civilizations.On this vast land,the Uygur and various other ethnic groups have jointly created a rich and unique cultural heritage,which not only carries the historical memories of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang but also is an indispensable and important part of Chinese culture,as well as a treasure of world culture.With the passage of time,the question of how to effectively protect this precious cultural heritage has become increasingly important.
