固体力学跨尺度计算若干问题研究

本文展示了固体力学领域跨尺度计算的若干问题和研究概况。(1)建立位错动力学与有限元耦合DDD-FEM的计算模型,实现了能够基于纳米尺度离散位错运动机制计算分析连续介质有限变形晶体塑性问题,提出微纳尺度(200 nm~10μm)晶体塑性流动应力解析公式,结合试验数据揭示了在无应变梯度下强度和变形的尺寸效应;(2)建立具有微相分离结构的纳米尺度粗粒化分子动力学模型CG-MD,计算获得聚脲材料在时域和频域下的存储模量和损耗模量,通过动态加载分析的DMA试验和超声波试验的数据验证,解决了连续介质尺度下微相分离高分子共聚物的设计难题;(3)通过数据驱动关联高分辨率的微米尺度CT影像和临床低分辨率的毫米尺度CT影像的特征值,建立了围关节松质骨小梁的等效模量和结构张量,为骨组织增材制造点阵结构设计和实现个性化骨缺损重建奠定了基础。

人工智能赋能低空经济:应用场景与未来方向

低空经济是指以各种有人驾驶和无人驾驶航空器在海拔3000米以下的各类飞行活动作为牵引,辐射带动相关领域融合发展的新兴经济形态和效益。2024年全国两会期间,“低空经济”被写入政府工作报告。报告提出,“积极培育新兴产业和未来产业”“积极打造生物制造、商业航天、低空经济等新增长引擎”。我们可以通过解析人工智能赋能低空经济、大数据驱动的部分应用场景(智慧城市建设、智慧交通运输、智慧路桥监测、智慧农业农村),理解低空经济创造的新质生产力,探讨低空经济推进智慧城乡建设和国家经济发展的逻辑与路径。

壳体断裂力学统一计算理论与飞行器结构设计

断裂力学理论和方法在飞行器结构设计中发挥着不可替代的作用。依据断裂准则划分为阻止或者驱动裂纹扩展。阻止裂纹扩展是避免飞行器结构发生灾难性事故的最后一道防线,如机翼、机身等重要结构的止裂安全性设计、广布疲劳损伤容限设计等;驱动裂纹扩展是实现飞行器结构快速分离的关键技术,如运载火箭级间和星箭分离、飞行员和航天员逃逸救生等。板壳是飞行器结构的主要形式,开展板壳断裂力学研究具有重要的科学意义和工程价值。该文提出了基于连续体的壳体断裂力学统一计算理论,发展了壳体扩展有限元方法。基于该理论和方法,阐述了大变形曲面壳体裂纹扩展与止裂的计算分析过程,展示了在国产大飞机机翼整体结构件设计、天和号核心舱结构研制和高级教练机穿盖弹射救生系统设计等飞行器工程中的成功应用。

颅脑爆炸伤数值模拟研究进展:建模、力学机制及防护

爆炸致创伤性脑损伤是现代战争和爆炸事故中最常见的伤亡之一。近年来由爆炸波引起的轻度原发性颅脑冲击伤在士兵伤患中占大多数,引起了研究人员重视。由于伦理和技术方面的限制,人体爆炸实验难以开展,数值模拟已经成为研究颅脑爆炸伤的重要手段之一。合理的物理建模结合可靠的模型和参数,能够定量给出爆炸冲击波作用下人体头部和大脑的生物力学响应,揭示大脑损伤的力学机制,这些对于认识颅脑爆炸伤的生物力学特性以及单兵防护装备的设计和优化都具有重要的意义。本文旨在为研究人员提供有关原发性颅脑爆炸伤数值模拟方面研究现状的背景信息,以及在计算建模、力学机制和防护3个方面的进展。重点针对大脑的多尺度性质及颅脑爆炸伤的生物力学建模,介绍了脑组织的线弹性、超弹性和黏超弹性本构模型,人头有限元模型在大脑结构、网格尺寸等方面的发展和演化,以及颅脑爆炸伤的宏观、介观和多尺度建模和数值模拟方法。针对颅脑爆炸伤的波传播直接作用、脑血管系统的影响,以及全身响应的连续过程,分析和讨论了数值模拟得到的力学机制证据。介绍了颅脑爆炸伤防护策略的数值模拟研究进展,如提高头部封闭性的重要性、新结构和新材料的应用。最后,对当前颅脑爆炸伤的数值模拟研究和应用进行了总结,并确定了未来需要发展和改进的地方。

页岩气高效开采的力学问题与挑战

页岩气是指赋存于富含有机质泥页岩中以吸附和游离状态为主要存在方式的天然气,中国资源量丰富,地域分布广泛.页岩气开采能缓解我国常规油气产量不足、煤化石燃料引起环境污染等问题,已成为中国绿色能源开发的重要领域.尽管北美页岩气"革命"取得了成功,目前也仅有预期产量5%～15%的采收率.与北美地区相比,中国页岩气埋藏深,赋存条件差,自然丰度低,因此,高效开采面临更多的困难和挑战.近年来,围绕国家重大能源战略需求,瞄准技术发展前沿,学术界和工业界联合对页岩气高效开采的关键科学和技术问题展开研究.本文结合近三年四川、重庆地区的页岩气试验区块遇到的新问题,针对中国未来3 500 m以下深部开采的新挑战,如地质沉积、裂缝发育构造不同、上覆压力增加、水平应力场变化等新问题,介绍和总结了目前中国页岩气高效开采面临的力学科学问题,主要包括多重耦合下的安全优质钻完井力学理论和方法、水力压裂体积改造和多尺度缝网形成机制、多尺度渗流力学特性与解吸附机理等."深部页岩气高效开采"的研究面向国家重大能源需求,科学意义重大,工程背景明确,需要工程力学、石油工程、地球物理、化学工程和环境工程等多学科专家合作,开展理论研究、物理模拟、数值模拟及现场试验等综合应用基础研究,取得高效开采页岩油气理论与技术的突破.学科交叉是研究页岩气高效开采问题、突破技术瓶颈的桥梁,只有力学与石油工程、地球科学等学科实现深度交叉融合,才能更加有效地推动页岩油气等非常规油气资源的开发.

第十三届全国周培源大学生力学竞赛(个人赛)试题点评

2021年5月23日,第十三届全国周培源大学生力学竞赛(个人赛)落下帷幕,这是由教育部高教司委托中国力学学会和周培源基金会主办的全国大学生力学赛事。对比1988年第一届赛事仅有62人参加,今年参赛人数达到创纪录的30 369人,比2019年的第十二届参赛人数增加了14%。参加竞赛的学生主要来自大学二、三年级的力学、土木水利.

基于三维头部数值模型的颅脑碰撞损伤机理研究

头部碰撞载荷会致使颅脑发生创伤性脑损伤(Traumatic Brain Injury, TBI)。其中,脑组织挫裂伤是最为常见的一种,具有高死亡率与高致残率的特性。该文基于数值模拟方法对其开展相关研究,揭示其损伤机理,对该类损伤的预防救治与相关防护设备的开发都具有重要意义。首先,该文基于颅脑的核磁共振切片建立了人体头部三维数值模型,该模型真实地反映了颅脑的生理特征与细节构造。在该模型中,颅骨采用典型类三明治结构进行表征,其内外层为刚度与密度较大的骨密质,中间层为骨松质。为了真实反映脑组织与颅骨间的相互作用,将脑脊液与蛛网膜小梁简化为均质整体,采用状态方程表征脑脊液的液态特性,并通过较小的剪切模量表征蛛网膜小梁的剪切传递作用。然后,基于死尸前额碰撞实验对三维头部数值模型的有效性进行验证。该头部模型采用三种不同的颈部约束边界条件对前额碰撞实验进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明:自由边界条件下的模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好,验证了该头部碰撞模型的有效性;而在竖向约束边界条件或固定边界条件下颈部的约束过于刚硬,导致撞击处与对撞处的颅内正、负压力交替变换,与实验结果相比出现较大偏差。最后,利用验证的头部碰撞模型对枕部碰撞过程进行数值模拟,并结合前额碰撞的模拟结果,分别从脑组织压力(体积变形)与Mises应力(剪切变形)等方面对颅脑的动态响应规律进行分析;进一步结合医学上颅脑碰撞损伤的统计数据,揭示了脑组织挫裂伤的损伤机理,建立了相应的损伤准则。

裂纹尖端张开角在飞机金属薄壁结构中的应用

本文回顾了裂纹尖端张开角(Crack Tip Opening Angle,CTOA)在飞机金属薄壁结构中的应用。主要回答了"为什么CTOA是一个有效的断裂参数"和"CTOA怎样估算工程结构的断裂过程"这两个问题。韧性断裂的微观机理为空洞的形核、扩展及合并过程,断裂过程区(Fracture Process Zone,FPZ)包含了上述过程。CTOA实际上是FPZ的整体表征,因此CTOA是一个有效的断裂参数。此外,CTOA准则是一个局部断裂准则,它并不关心FPZ以外区域的状态,这使得它能够估算金属薄壁结构的裂纹扩展过程。

DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF STRESS AND DISPLACEMENT FIELDS FOR TSINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU LITHOSPHERE

Tsinghai-Tibet Plateau becomes an important research topic ofglobal tectonics, because of its marvelous thickness and rapiduplifting since Quaternary. By using finite element method, thenumerical simulation is carried out for the movement of structurallithosphere. The deformable elements are employed to simulatestructural zones, and the frictional mechanism is introduced toillustrate the characteristic of a zone with a contact crack surface.The boundary conditions are prescribed by the displacements aroundthe pla- teau.

Dislocation Multiplication by Single Cross Slip for FCC at Submicron Scales

The operation mechanism of single cross slip multiplication(SCSM)is investigated by studying the response of one dislocation loop expanding in face-centered-cubic(FCC)single crystal using three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamic(3D-DDD)simulation.The results show that SCSM can trigger highly correlated dislocation generation in a short time,which may shed some light on understanding the large strain burst observed experimentally.Furthermore,we find that there is a critical stress and material size for the operation of SCSM,which agrees with that required to trigger large strain burst in the compression tests of FCC micropillars.

Electrically tunable phase-change metasurface for dynamic infrared thermal camouflage

Dynamic infrared thermal camouflage technology has attracted extensive attention due to its ability to thermally conceal targets in various environmental backgrounds by tuning thermal emission.The use of phase change materials(PCMs)offers numerous advantages,including zero static power,rapid modulation rate,and large emissivity tuning range.However,existing PCM solutions still encounter several practical application challenges,such as temperature uniformity,amorphization achievement,and adaptability to different environments.In this paper,we present the design of an electrically controlled metal-insulator-metal thermal emitter based on a PCM metasurface,and numerically investigate its emissivity tunability,physical mechanisms,heat conduction,and thermal camouflage performance across different backgrounds.Furthermore,the influence of the quench rate on amorphization was studied to provide a guidance for evaluating and optimizing device structures.Simulation results reveal that the thermal emitter exhibits a wide spectral emissivity tuning range between 8 and 14μm,considerable quench rates for achieving amorphization,and the ability to provide thermal camouflage across a wide background temperature range.Therefore,it is anticipated that this contribution will promote the development of PCM-based thermal emitters for practical dynamic infrared thermal camouflage technology with broad applications in both civilian and military domains.

防护风镜对眼爆震伤诱导视网膜病理损伤和自噬变化的有效改善

首先基于头部动态测试系统与激波管和外场实弹实爆测试环境,验证了眼部装备(护目镜和风镜)的防护性能。研究结果表明,风镜防护性能更优,建议给执勤人员配发兼容防紫外、强光、烟雾和防破片功能的风镜产品,以提高相关人员眼部防护能力。此后,研究眼部爆震伤后组织损伤、功能改变及市售风镜动物实验版的防护作用与机制,为防治眼部爆震伤及风镜后续的设计改进提供理论依据。选用比格犬和C57小鼠进行相关动物实验,通过HE、Tunel、Nissl染色、视觉电生理检查等检测方法,发现随着冲击波强度的提高和伤后时间的延长,视网膜损伤程度和细胞凋亡程度均提高,其中神经节细胞层(ganglion cell layer,GCL)和光感受器内外节交界处(layer of photoreceptor inner/outer segments,IS/OS)受到的损伤最严重;进一步研究分子变化发现,自噬相关调节蛋白SQSTM1/p62(P<0.0001)和LC3-Ⅱ(P=0.8437)、LC3-Ⅰ(P=0.003)的表达量明显增高,说明视网膜损伤一定程度上是由爆震伤后自噬增强这一机制导致的。市售风镜的动物实验版能够有效减轻冲击波对视网膜的损伤,保护RNFL、INL/ONL、GCL和IS/OS的结构。同时,与其他组相比,3.5 MPa组防护组与损伤组视网膜损伤和细胞凋亡程度差异最显著,推测该强度下防护风镜发挥了最大的保护作用,保护机制与防护降低视网膜细胞自噬相关。

基于自由场爆炸的猪鼓膜破裂规律实验研究

听觉系统各组成部分的机械损伤是爆炸后造成听力损失的主要原因,强脉冲声致听觉损害风险准则仍然存在许多争议,例如:指标选择冲量还是超压峰值,正压持续时间是否重要等。本研究基于自由场实爆条件,设计并搭建了大动物爆炸致伤平台,探究了不同爆炸参数对鼓膜破裂的影响规律,并建立了基于自由场超压峰值和正压持续时间的鼓膜创伤量效关系。通过笔形压力传感器测量自由场超压,通过Friedlander公式拟合超压时程曲线,确定冲击波超压峰值和正压持续时间,并对时域中记录的波形进行归一化能量频谱分析,以确定冲击波在频域上的信号能量分布。对爆炸后的小型猪进行解剖,记录不同爆炸参数下鼓膜创伤程度。以超压峰值和正压持续时间为自变量,对实验数据进行二元逻辑回归分析,并给出鼓膜破裂风险曲线。研究发现,当自由场超压峰值低于170 kPa时,鼓膜无明显损伤;当自由场超压峰值高于237 kPa时,部分鼓膜出现不同程度的破裂和充血。距爆心越近,超压峰值越大,但鼓膜创伤的严重程度并未随之单调增加。在8.0 kg TNT当量的爆炸实验中,鼓膜破裂的严重程度随爆心距的减小呈现先提高再降低的趋势。通过对冲击波载荷特征的分析可知,距爆心越近,正压持续时间越短,高频段能量占比相对更大,小型猪鼓膜破裂的概率可能反而降低,此时仍然出现显著的听力损失和耳蜗损伤。鼓膜作为通过振动传递声信号的黏弹性薄膜结构,其动力学响应可能与载荷频率成分密切相关。除了超压峰值,冲击波波形频谱分布对鼓膜破裂程度影响显著。

基于自由场爆炸的小型猪内耳听觉损伤模型

建立真实爆炸环境下的小型猪内耳听觉爆炸伤模型,研究不同爆炸冲击波压力对小型猪内耳听觉损伤的影响。选取14头健康小型猪,在爆炸前进行听性脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)测试。搭建自由场爆炸实验平台,使用1.9和8.0 kg TNT炸药,爆源离地面1.8 m,身体固定于防护装置中,仅暴露头部。在不同距离布放小型猪,记录冲击波峰值压力,计算即刻死亡率。爆炸后再次进行ABR测试,并取耳蜗组织进行扫描电镜观察,分析毛细胞损伤情况。在1.8~3.8 m范围内,冲击波峰值压力从96.3 kPa升至628.3 kPa,随着距离的增大,峰值压力减小。8 kg TNT爆炸在2.6 m处(峰值压力628.3 kPa)导致小型猪即刻死亡率为50%。比较爆炸前后ABR阈值发现,短声(click)和各频率短纯音(2、4和8 kHz)诱发的ABR阈值均显著升高(P<0.05),其中以4 kHz阈值变化最显著。扫描电镜显示,随着冲击波压力的升高,内毛细胞的损伤程度高于外毛细胞。爆炸冲击波可引起小型猪听觉系统的明显损伤,表现为ABR阈值升高和耳蜗毛细胞结构破坏。内毛细胞对爆炸冲击波更敏感。所建立的小型猪爆炸性听觉损伤模型可为研究爆炸伤机制和防护措施提供了重要的实验基础。

A novel enriched CB shell element method for simulating arbitrary crack growth in pipes

In this work, a novel numerical method is developed for simulating arbitrary crack growth in pipes with the idea of enriched shape functions which can represent the discontinuity independent of the mesh. The concept of the enriched shape functions is introduced into the continuum-based (CB) shell element. Due to the advantage of CB shell element, the shell thickness varia- tion and surface connection can be concerned during the deformation. The stress intensity factors of the crack in the CB shell element are calculated by using the 'equivalent domain integral' method for 3D arbitrary non-planar crack. The maximum en- ergy release rate is used as a propagation criterion. This method is proved able to capture arbitrary crack growth path in pipes which is independent of the element mesh. Numerical examples of different fracture patterns in pipes are presented here.

Modeling stationary and moving cracks in shells by X-FEM with CB shell elements

The continuum-based(CB)shell theory is combined with the extended finite element method(X-FEM)in this paper to model crack propagation in shells under static and dynamic situations.Both jump function and asymptotic crack tip solution are adopted for describing the discontinuity and singularity of the crack in shells.Level set method(LSM)is used to represent the crack surface and define the enriched shape functions.Stress intensity factors(SIFs)are calculated by the displacement interpolation technique to prove the capability of the method and the maximum strain is applied for the fracture criterion.Also,an efficient integration scheme for the CB shell element with cracks is proposed.

Finite element analysis for wellbore stability of transversely isotropic rock with hydraulic-mechanical-damage coupling

The finite element analysis （FEA） technology by hydraulic-mechanical-damage （HMD） coupling is proposed in this paper for wellbore stability analysis of transversely isotropic rock, developed basing on the recently established FEA technology for iso- tropic rock. The finite element （FE） solutions of numerical wellbore model, damage tensor calculation and Pariseau strength criterion for transversely isotropic rock are developed for researching the wellbore failure characteristics and computing the collapse and fracture pressure of laminated rock as shale reservoirs. The classic Blot constitutive for rock as porous medium is introduced to establish a set of FE equations coupling with elastic solid deformation and seepage flow. To be in accord with the inclined wellbore situation, the coordinate transformation for global, wellbore, in-situ stress and transversely isotropic for- mation coordinate systems is established for describing the in-situ stress field and the results in laminated rock. To be in accord with the practical situation, a three-dimensional FIE model is developed, in which several other auxiliary technologies are com- prehensively utilized, e.g., the typical Weibull distribution function for heterogeneous material description and adaptive tech- nology for mesh refinement. The damage tensor calculation technology for transversely isotropic rock are realized from the well-developed continuum damage variable of isotropic rock. The rock is subsequently developed into a novel conceptual and practical model considering the stress and permeability with the damage. The proposed method utilizing Parisean strength cri- terion fully reflects the strength parameters parallel or perpendicular to bedding of the transversely isotropic rock. To this end, an effective and reliable numerically three-step FEA strategy is well established. Numerical examples are given to show that the proposed method can establish efficient and applicable FE model and be suitable for analyzing the state of pore pressure and stress surrounding wellbore, furthermore to demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the instability analysis of wellbore failure region and the safe mud weight computation for collapse and fracture pressure of transversely isotropic rock.

A hierarchical dislocation-grain boundary interaction model based on 3D discrete dislocation dynamics and molecular dynamics

We develop a new hierarchical dislocation-grain boundary （GB） interaction model to predict the mechanical behavior of poly- crystalline metals at micro and submicro scales by coupling 3D Discrete Dislocation Dynamics （DDD） simulation with the Molecular Dynamics （MD） simulation. At the microscales, the DDD simulations are responsible for capturing the evolution of dislocation structures; at the nanoscales, the MD simulations are responsible for obtaining the GB energy and ISF energy which are then transferred hierarchically to the DDD level. In the present model, four kinds of dislocafion-GB interactions, i.e. transmission, absorption, re-emission and reflection, are all considered. By this methodology, the compression of a Cu mi- cro-sized bi-crystal pillar is studied. We investigate the characteristic mechanical behavior of the bi-crystal compared with that of the single-crystal. Moreover, the comparison between the present penetrable model of GB and the conventional impenetrable model also shows the accuracy and efficiency of the present model.

Recent research progress in computational solid mechanics

Computational mechanics has had a profound impact on science and technology over the past five decades.It has numerically transformed much of the classical theory models into practical tools for predicting and understanding the complex engineering and science system.A short review is given in this paper on some recent progress in computational solid mechanics at multi-scales.

Finite element analysis for inclined wellbore stability of transversely iso-tropic rock with HMCD coupling based on weak plane strength criterion

The finite element analysis(FEA) technology by hydraulic-mechanical-chemical-damage(HMCD) coupling is proposed in this paper for inclined wellbore stability analysis of water-sensitive and laminated rock, developed basing on the recently established FEA technology for transversely isotropic rock with hydraulic-mechanical-damage(HMD) coupling. The chemical activity of the drilling fluid is considered as phenomenological hydration behavior, the moisture content and parameters of rock considering hydration could be determined with time. The finite element(FE) solutions of numerical wellbore model considering the chemical activity of drilling fluid, damage tensor calculation and weak plane strength criterion for transversely isotropic rock are developed for researching the wellbore failure characteristics and computing the time-dependent collapse and fracture pressure of laminated rock as shale reservoirs. A three-dimensional FE model and elastic solid deformation and seepage flow coupled equations are developed, and the damage tensor calculation technology for transversely isotropic rock are realized by introducing effect of the hydration and the stress state under the current load. The proposed method utilizing weak plane strength criterion fully reflects the strength parameters in rock matrix and weak plane. To the end, an effective and reliable numerically three-step FEA strategy is well established for wellbore stability analysis. Numerical examples are given to show that the proposed method can establish efficient and applicable FE model and be suitable for analyzing the timedependsolutions of pore pressure and stresses, and the evolution region considering the hydration surrounding wellbore,furthermore to compute the collapse cycling time and the safe mud weight for collapse and fracture pressure of transversely isotropic rock.