P1B-type heavy metal ATPases(HMAs)are transmembrane metal-transporting proteins that play a key role in metal homeostasis.We here reported the characterization of rice OsHMA6,a member of the P1B-type ATPase family.Phy...P1B-type heavy metal ATPases(HMAs)are transmembrane metal-transporting proteins that play a key role in metal homeostasis.We here reported the characterization of rice OsHMA6,a member of the P1B-type ATPase family.Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that OsHMA6 belonged to the Cu/Ag subgroup of the HMA family and had a close evolutionary relationship with OsHMA9.Amino acid sequence alignment showed 82.78%consistency between OsHMA6 and OsHMA9.OsHMA6 expressed in all organs at different growth stages,including spikelet,and abundant in leaf blades,however,OsHMA9 most strongly expressed in roots,but very low in spikelet.Excessive Cu^2+can up-regulate the expression of OsHMA6 and OsHMA9 in rice seedlings.The heterologous expression in yeast showed that OsHMA6 can significantly rescue the growth of yeast strain CM52 when supplied with 3 or 6 mmol/L Cu^2+.Compared with the empty vector pYES2,the Cu concentration in OsHMA6-pYES2 decreased by 23.4%and 30.3%under 3 or 6 mmol/L Cu2+,respectively.Subcellular localization revealed that OsHMA6 was located in the plasma membrane.These results suggested that OsHMA6,similar to OsHMA9,is likely a copper efflux protein located in the plasma membrane.展开更多
中央银行沟通作为一种新型的货币政策操作方式,逐渐得到学界和业界的重视,通过中央银行沟通引导市场利率已经成为各国中央银行货币政策工具箱中常用工具。本文借鉴Blinder et al.(2008)的方法,从总供给和总需求和角度阐述了中央银行沟...中央银行沟通作为一种新型的货币政策操作方式,逐渐得到学界和业界的重视,通过中央银行沟通引导市场利率已经成为各国中央银行货币政策工具箱中常用工具。本文借鉴Blinder et al.(2008)的方法,从总供给和总需求和角度阐述了中央银行沟通行为影响市场利率的理论机制,使用2004年1季度~2018年4季度的数据,采用VAR模型对其影响机制进行实证研究,研究发现中央银行沟通影响市场利率存在两条途径:一是中央银行沟通直接影响短期利率预期,进而影响中长期利率;二是中央银行沟通可以影响中长期利率,中长期利率的变化影响总产出水平,总产出水平变化又将影响通货膨胀和市场利率。展开更多
基金the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program Cooperation and Innovation Mission(Grant No.CAAS-XTCX2016001)Shenzhen Science and Technology Projects(Grant No.JSGG20160608160725473)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2018M641558)Fundamental Research Funds for Science,Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(Grant No.JCYJ20160530191619099).
文摘P1B-type heavy metal ATPases(HMAs)are transmembrane metal-transporting proteins that play a key role in metal homeostasis.We here reported the characterization of rice OsHMA6,a member of the P1B-type ATPase family.Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that OsHMA6 belonged to the Cu/Ag subgroup of the HMA family and had a close evolutionary relationship with OsHMA9.Amino acid sequence alignment showed 82.78%consistency between OsHMA6 and OsHMA9.OsHMA6 expressed in all organs at different growth stages,including spikelet,and abundant in leaf blades,however,OsHMA9 most strongly expressed in roots,but very low in spikelet.Excessive Cu^2+can up-regulate the expression of OsHMA6 and OsHMA9 in rice seedlings.The heterologous expression in yeast showed that OsHMA6 can significantly rescue the growth of yeast strain CM52 when supplied with 3 or 6 mmol/L Cu^2+.Compared with the empty vector pYES2,the Cu concentration in OsHMA6-pYES2 decreased by 23.4%and 30.3%under 3 or 6 mmol/L Cu2+,respectively.Subcellular localization revealed that OsHMA6 was located in the plasma membrane.These results suggested that OsHMA6,similar to OsHMA9,is likely a copper efflux protein located in the plasma membrane.
文摘中央银行沟通作为一种新型的货币政策操作方式,逐渐得到学界和业界的重视,通过中央银行沟通引导市场利率已经成为各国中央银行货币政策工具箱中常用工具。本文借鉴Blinder et al.(2008)的方法,从总供给和总需求和角度阐述了中央银行沟通行为影响市场利率的理论机制,使用2004年1季度~2018年4季度的数据,采用VAR模型对其影响机制进行实证研究,研究发现中央银行沟通影响市场利率存在两条途径:一是中央银行沟通直接影响短期利率预期,进而影响中长期利率;二是中央银行沟通可以影响中长期利率,中长期利率的变化影响总产出水平,总产出水平变化又将影响通货膨胀和市场利率。
