Fish as Bioindicator: Ecological Risk Assessment of Insecticide to Aquatic Organism Particularly <i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>

Repeatedly deposition of anthropogenic chemicals such as chlorpyrifos led to the risk of its associated unwanted toxicity to the non-targeted organisms. The present project was designed to assess the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus insecticide, at different dose level and duration of exposure to elucidate its cellular and nuclear anomalies in erythrocytes and histopathological effect on brain and liver tissues of the fresh water fish (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The chlorpyrifos was used at 0.01 and 0.015 μL/L for a duration of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days respectively. Alteration in functional markers such as cellular anomalies associated with exposed dosage was reported as swollen cells, swollen or enlarged cells, and hemolyzed cells followed by nuclear abnormalities stated as micronucleus, deformed nucleus and nuclear shift. The result indicated alterations observed in brain and liver tissues were categorized as necrosis, vacuolization, degeneration of neurons and hepatic necrosis, hepatolysis and hepatic vacuolization that were further scored on the basis of severity from 0 (normal) to 3 (severe). These effects significantly increased with the increase in dose level of chlorpyrifos and duration of exposure (p < 0.05). The present findings contributed that extended exposure of such chemicals to the aquatic ecosystems led to behavioral and histopathological alterations that may result in loss of normal functioning of the organs.

Environmental Risk of Atrazine (Herbicide) to Brain, Gills and Liver Tissues of Fish <i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>(Valenciennes, 1844)

The current study investigates the toxic effects of acute dose of an endocrine disruptor atrazine on Grass carp (Ctenepharyngodon idella) using histopathological changes as biomarkers. Histopathology is promising field for research in aquatic toxicology, in this manner vital organs;brain, gills, and liver tissues were inspected histological after exposing to sublethal groupings of atrazine 0.025 and 0.03 μl/L for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days individually with equal untreated control group. Against various doses, rapid movements, gulping of air and jumping of fish to scat from toxic medium were noticed. Various severe (+++) morphological modifications in tissue were documented in comparison with control group comprised of degenerated neurons, vacuolization, inflammatory cells infiltration and neural necrosis in brain tissue. The most well-known gills tissue alteration at all concentrations of atrazine was epithelial hyperplasia, desquamation, epithelial lifting and smaller aneurism while hepatic injuries were described by overcast expanding of hepatocytes esteemed as cloudy swelling of hepatocytes followed by karyolysis, karyohexis and dilation of sinusoids which shows that atrazine introduction upgraded the toxicosis impacts with the increase concentration, influenced the strength of the fish, inferable from histological inconsistencies.

A Multi-Hop Moving Zone(MMZ) Clustering Scheme Based on Cellular-V2X

A clustering scheme based on pure V2V communications has two prominent issues i.e. broadcast storm and network disconnection. The application of the fifth generation(5G) technology to vehicular networks is an optimal choice due to its wide coverage and low latency features. In this paper, a Multihop Moving Zone(MMZ) clustering scheme is proposed by combining IEEE 802.11p with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP) 5G cellular technology. In MMZ, vehicles are clustered up-to three hops using V2V communications based on IEEE 802.11 p aiming to reduce excessive cellular hand-off cost. While the zonal heads(ZHs) i.e. cluster heads(CHs) are selected by cellular-V2X(C-V2X) on the basis of multi-metrics i.e. relative speed, distance and link life time(LLT). The main goal of MMZ is to form stable clusters achieving high packet delivery and low latency. The simulation results using ns3 show that, 5G wide range technology significantly improves the stability of MMZ in term of ZH duration and change rate. The average Data Packet Delivery Ratio(DPDR) and E2E latency are also improved as compared to the existing clustering schemes.

Enabling Reachability Across Multiple Domains Without Controller Synchronization in SDN

Software-defined networking(SDN)makes network agile and flexible due to its programmable approach.An extensive network has multiple domains in SDN for the scalability and performance of the network.However,the inter-domain link is also crucial for the stability of the entire network on the data plane layer.More than one inter-domain connection enhances the scalability of the data plane layer.However,it faces a reachability problem with the principal root,which causes forwarding loops and packet drops in the network,thereby degrading network performance.The proposed solution is a multiple controller architecture;however,this approach increases the complexity and affects network performance.Thus,in this study,we propose a framework that avoids forwarding loops and packet drops without the synchronization of multiple-domain controllers in the network using an avoid loop with test packet scheme.Moreover,we collect the link status for improved routing and load balancing for the upcoming flow across inter-domain links to prevent congestion and increase throughput in real time.Our proposed methodology can significantly reduce the controller workload against multiple controller architecture,minimize flow setup latency,and improve throughput.

Dry matter degradation kinetics of selected tropical forage in Nili-Ravi buffalo and Cholistani cows at heifer and lactating stages using NorFor in situ standards

Current methods of ruminant ration formulation in Pakistan use foreign-based nutrient availability values.These values may not be optimal for all geographic areas,as variation in environment,agronomic factors,animal species,and diet characteristics may not be considered.The aim of present study was to establish a database of the chemical composition and dry matter degradation parameters of tropical forage commonly fed to ruminants in Pakistan and South Asian countries using Nili-Ravi buffalo and Cholistani cattle at heifer and lactating stages.Six cereal grain and four legume species were grown in 3 locations under standard agronomic conditions and sampled at booting and at 50%flowering stage for cereal and legumes,respectively.Dried and milled feeds were analyzed for chemical composition and in situ dry matter degradation parameters using 1 g samples in bags placed in the rumen of 2 Nili-Ravi buffalo heifers,2 lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes,2 Cholistani heifers,and 2 lactating Cholistani cows.The forage family(cereal vs.legumes),species,and geographic location of growth significantly influenced(P<0.001)chemical composition and in situ degradation fractions.Animal species and developmental stage showed no effect on degradation fractions(P>0.05).Legume-by-heifer interactions significantly increased(P<0.05),and legume-by-lactating cow interaction tended(P=0.065),to increase the rate of degradation(Kd).The selected forages were degiaded to a similar extent independent of animal species or developmental stage,and legumes are degraded at higher rates and to a greater extent than are cereals.A moderately significant relationship between Kd and effective dry matter degradability(DMD)suggests tliat Kd co|iild be the single most important predictor of forage degi adability in the rumen.

Phytochemical composition, biological potential and enzyme inhibition activity of Scandix pecten-veneris L.

Objective： Scandix pecten-veneris L. is a less studied wild edible herb and is considered an extinct plant species in many parts of the world. This study was designed to evaluate its phytochemical composition and biological potential of S. pecten-veneris L. Methods： Phytochemicals including alkaloids, fiavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins were determined in extracts of S. pecten-veneris. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl （DPPH）, while reducing power was tested by ferric reducing/antioxidant power （FRAP） assay. Antimi- crobial activity against seven bacterial and four fungal strains was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay. Enzymes inhibition study was performed for urease, phosphodiesterase-I, and catalase-II. Results： S. pecten-veneris showed moderate antiradical activity and reducing potential of hydroxyl radicals to about 20% of the initial value. The antiox- idant activity of various extracts of S. pecten-veneris showed a linear correlation with total phenolic contents in the order of water〉n-butanol〉chloroform〉ethyl acetate〉methanol extracts. S. pecten-veneris leaves showed the highest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus while the highest antifungal activity was observed against Candida albicans. The plant extract was most potent against urease enzymes but showed moderate activity against phosphodiestrase-I and carbonic anhydrase-II. Conclusions： Our data demonstrate that in addition to its culinary uses, S. pecten-veneris has good medicinal potential and hence could be used for treating some specific health ailments.

China’s Energy Driven Initiatives with Iran:Implications for the United States

This article explores China’s contemporary energy initiative with the Islamic Republic of Iran,which is one of the largest energy reserves regions.Iran is one of the five natural gas producers and top 10 oil producers in the world-it has an asset of 1/3 of OPEC natural gas reserves.China has initiated the upstream and downstream joint ventures with Iran,banks and backed-loans policies and its companies of national oil are mounting the capacity of energy that will flow from Iran.China’s financial potency,zero military installation and limited political involvement in the region gives her a unique balance from its open access to the Iran energy resources.Critically,it is evidenced that the political implications of China’s energy gaining strategy,the potential for conflict,cooperation with the US,and the probability of the repositioning of major powers in Iran will give China a unique vantage point in the future.It’s an epicenter for US-China rivalry too.