Use of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in COVID-19 related strokes

Co ronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) has affected a broad demographics,eliciting a more significant effect on specific groups such as males,African Americans,and Hispanic minorities.Treatment of COVID-19 often requires antiviral drugs or monoclonal antibodies.However,immunotherapies such as mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal vesicles should be evaluated as treatment options for COVID-19.Mesenchymal stem cell thera py offe rs regenerative,anti-inflammatory,and immunomodulato ry properties that can speed up the recovery from COVID-19.Mesenchymal stem cell therapy can also benefit COVID-19 patients who suffer from stro kes,as COVID-19 increases the risk of strokes due to increased cytokines and clotting facto rs.Most stroke cases that occur in COVID-19 patients are ischemic strokes.Therefo re,with the help of mesenchymal stem cell therapy and mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes,COVID-19-induced stroke patients might benefit from dual-ended treatment.The o bjective of this review was to discuss COVID-19 and stroke incidence and the available treatment options.

The role of cofilin in age-related neuroinflammation

Aging brain becomes susceptible to neurodegenerative diseases due to the shifting of microglia and astrocyte phenotypes to an active“pro-inflammatory”state,causing chronic low-grade neuroinflammation.Despite the fact that the role of neuroinflammation during aging has been extensively studied in recent years,the underlying causes remain unclear.The identification of relevant proteins and understanding their potential roles in neuroinflammation can help explain their potential of becoming biomarkers in the aging brain and as drug targets for prevention and treatment.This will eventually reduce the chances of developing neurodegenerative diseases and promote healthier lives in the elderly.In this review,we have summarized the morphological and cellular changes in the aging brain,the effects of age-related neuroinflammation,and the potential role of cofilin-1 during neuroinflammation.We also discuss other factors contributing to brain aging and neuroinflammation.

Small interfering RNAs based therapies for intracerebral hemorrhage: challenges and progress in drug delivery systems

Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)is a subtype of stroke associated with higher rates of mortality.Currently,no effective drug treatment is available for ICH.The molecular pathways following ICH are complicated and diverse.Nucleic acid therapeutics such as gene knockdown by small interfering RNAs(siRNAs)have been developed in recent years to modulate ICH’s destructive pathways and mitigate its outcomes.However,siRNAs delivery to the central nervous system is challenging and faces many roadblocks.Existing barriers to systemic delivery of siRNA limit the use of naked siRNA;therefore,siRNA-vectors developed to protect and deliver these therapies into the specific-target areas of the brain,or cell types seem quite promising.Efficient delivery of siRNA via nanoparticles emerged as a viable and effective alternative therapeutic tool for central nervous system-related diseases.This review discusses the obstacles to siRNA delivery,including the advantages and disadvantages of viral and nonviral vectors.Additionally,we provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress in nanotherapeutics areas,primarily focusing on the delivery system of siRNA for ICH treatment.

The influence of gut microbiota alteration on age-related neuroinflammation and cognitive decline

Recent emerging research on intestinal microbiota and its contribution to the central nervous system during health and disease has attra cted significant attention.Age-related intestinal microbiota changes initiate brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders.Aging is one of the critical predisposing risk factors for the development of neurodegenerative diseases.Maintaining a healthy gut microbiota is essential for a healthy body and aging,but dys biosis could initiate many chro nic diseases.Understanding the underlying mechanisms of gut microbiota alterations/dys biosis will help identify biomarkers for aging-related chro nic conditions.This review summarizes recent advances in micro biota-neurodegenerative disease research and will enhance our unde rstanding of gut microbiota dys biosis and its effects on brain aging.

Repair and regeneration properties of Ginkgo biloba after ischemic brain injury

The irretrievable fate of neurons rhetoric for the first half of this dominated the neuroscience century, a position that was fiercely contested and recently debunked by extensive studies carried out in the field of neuroregeneration research. The turning point came in the year 1928, when Ramon Y. Cajal＇s （Lobato, 2008） work suggested that the regenerative capacity of neurons, though limited, could exist beyond their physical be- ing and depended on the environment surrounding them. That the manipulation of the restrictive environment surrounding the neuron could aid the regenerative process was conclusively established by Aguayo and colleagues （Richardson et al., 1980）. Since then, various strategies have been employed to target the different phases of regeneration which include： cell-replacement and augmenting endogenous neurogenesis, the use of trophic factors, reversal of the inhibitory cues, and induction of signal- ing pathways that stimulate axon growth and guidance （Horner and Gage. 2000）.

Perspective on the relationship between microbiota dysbiosis and neuroinflammation:probiotics as a treatment option

Introduction:In the 1680s,Antonie van Leewenhoek was the first to observe the differences in the human gut microbiome versus the oral cavity diversity,and it led to the birth of a new term,“microbiota”.Later,the link between the brain and the gut was observed to be facilitated by the vagus nerve,allowing for neurotransmitters secreted in the gastrointestinal tract to travel to the brain,directing signals that influence brain function.The gut microbiome is linked to various diseases ranging from autism spectrum disorder to Parkinson’s disease(PD)and is projected to be the new“disease-causing mechanism,”calling for interventions that can modulate gut microbiota and mitigate brain disorders.Gut dysbiosis is observed before and after the onset of various neurodegenerative diseases and often manifests itself into gut-related diseases such as.