Objectives:Although many studies have suggested the anticancer properties of Galium verum,there is still no accurate information regarding its side effects on normal cells.Accordingly,this study aimed to investigate t...Objectives:Although many studies have suggested the anticancer properties of Galium verum,there is still no accurate information regarding its side effects on normal cells.Accordingly,this study aimed to investigate the dual effects of the whole Galium verummethanolic extract on the normal human fibroblast cell line(AGO)cell line at different concentrations.Methods:The cell line was randomly divided into a control group and groups exposed to concentrations of 12.5 to 400μg/mL.Extraction was performed by the maceration method.In addition,the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide(MTT)method was applied to measure cytotoxicity and flow cytometry.Further,BCL2 associated X(BAX)andB-cell lymphoma 2(BCL2)genes were expressed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate apoptosis and reactive oxygen species(ROS).Finally,data were compared between groups using a one-way analysis of variance.Results:A significant reduction was observed in the cell viability of 90%at a concentration of 400μg/mL compared to the control.In comparison,a significant increase was reported in cell viability at concentrations of 25-200μg/mL(P<0.0001).Furthermore,there was a significant 2.87-time increase in apoptosis compared to the control group(P<0.0001),but no significant differences were reported in cellular phases.ROS increased significantly by 5.7 times(P<0.05),and a significant 80-fold increase was found in the BAX/BCL2gene ratio(P<0.05).Conclusion:The whole methanolic extract could lower the viability of human fibroblasts at 400μg/mL and more by increasing apoptosis,thereby increasing BAX/BCL2gene expression and ROS production.However,the extract exerted an increased effect on cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner on AGO and increased cell growth at concentrations less than 400μg/mL,highlighting different effects of the whole extract on the AGO cell line.展开更多
The nanostructures of zinc chromite（Zn Cr2O4） were fabricated by the microwave method. It was shown that the well-crystallized spinel structure is formed after annealing at 700 °C. The influence of reaction tim...The nanostructures of zinc chromite（Zn Cr2O4） were fabricated by the microwave method. It was shown that the well-crystallized spinel structure is formed after annealing at 700 °C. The influence of reaction time and irradiation power of oven on the size and shape of the as-prepared Zn Cr2O4 samples was studied. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray（EDX）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy（DRS）, photoluminescence（PL） spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared（FTIR） spectra and vibrating sample magnetometry（VSM）, respectively. The optical band gap calculated using DRS was found to be 3.50 e V for Zn Cr2O4 nanostructures. Photoluminescence measurements also confirmed this result.展开更多
Ebola virus （EBOV） is the causative agent of a severe hemorrhagic fever disease associ- ated with high mortality rates in humans. This virus has five strains of which Zaire Ebola virus （ZEBOV） is the first and mos...Ebola virus （EBOV） is the causative agent of a severe hemorrhagic fever disease associ- ated with high mortality rates in humans. This virus has five strains of which Zaire Ebola virus （ZEBOV） is the first and most important strain. It can be transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces and objects. The genome of EBOV codes one non- structural and seven structural proteins consisting of two forms of glycoprotein （GP）： soluble glycoprotein （sGP） and GP （spike）. In this paper, we attempted to characterize and predict physicochemical properties, B-cell epitopes, mutation sites, phosphorylation sites, glycosylation sites, and different protein structures of EBOV GP to provide com- prehensive data about changes of this GP during a 40-years course （1976-2015）. GP sequences were obtained from NCBI gene bank from 1976-2015. Expasy＇sProtParam, PROTSCALE, immuneepitope, Bepipred, BcePred, ABCpred, VaxiJen, DISPHOS, Net- Phos, and numerous programs were used to predict and analyze all sequences. More variety of mutations were found in 2015 sequences and mutations were related to huge changes in B-cell epitopes, phosphorylation and glycosylation sites. In addition, our results determined different sites of disulfide bonds and an important mutation related to IgE epitope as well as four potent B-cell epitopes （380-387, 318-338, 405-438 and 434-475）. In this study, we suggested the effect of mutations on GP properties, six posi- tions for disulfide bonds and four phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C enzyme. Selected sequences were shown different sites for O-link and N-link glycosyl^tion. A mutation that changed GP to an allergen protein and has a significant role in vaccine designing as well as four potent B-cell epitopes in GP protein were found.展开更多
文摘Objectives:Although many studies have suggested the anticancer properties of Galium verum,there is still no accurate information regarding its side effects on normal cells.Accordingly,this study aimed to investigate the dual effects of the whole Galium verummethanolic extract on the normal human fibroblast cell line(AGO)cell line at different concentrations.Methods:The cell line was randomly divided into a control group and groups exposed to concentrations of 12.5 to 400μg/mL.Extraction was performed by the maceration method.In addition,the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide(MTT)method was applied to measure cytotoxicity and flow cytometry.Further,BCL2 associated X(BAX)andB-cell lymphoma 2(BCL2)genes were expressed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate apoptosis and reactive oxygen species(ROS).Finally,data were compared between groups using a one-way analysis of variance.Results:A significant reduction was observed in the cell viability of 90%at a concentration of 400μg/mL compared to the control.In comparison,a significant increase was reported in cell viability at concentrations of 25-200μg/mL(P<0.0001).Furthermore,there was a significant 2.87-time increase in apoptosis compared to the control group(P<0.0001),but no significant differences were reported in cellular phases.ROS increased significantly by 5.7 times(P<0.05),and a significant 80-fold increase was found in the BAX/BCL2gene ratio(P<0.05).Conclusion:The whole methanolic extract could lower the viability of human fibroblasts at 400μg/mL and more by increasing apoptosis,thereby increasing BAX/BCL2gene expression and ROS production.However,the extract exerted an increased effect on cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner on AGO and increased cell growth at concentrations less than 400μg/mL,highlighting different effects of the whole extract on the AGO cell line.
文摘The nanostructures of zinc chromite（Zn Cr2O4） were fabricated by the microwave method. It was shown that the well-crystallized spinel structure is formed after annealing at 700 °C. The influence of reaction time and irradiation power of oven on the size and shape of the as-prepared Zn Cr2O4 samples was studied. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray（EDX）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy（DRS）, photoluminescence（PL） spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared（FTIR） spectra and vibrating sample magnetometry（VSM）, respectively. The optical band gap calculated using DRS was found to be 3.50 e V for Zn Cr2O4 nanostructures. Photoluminescence measurements also confirmed this result.
文摘Ebola virus （EBOV） is the causative agent of a severe hemorrhagic fever disease associ- ated with high mortality rates in humans. This virus has five strains of which Zaire Ebola virus （ZEBOV） is the first and most important strain. It can be transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces and objects. The genome of EBOV codes one non- structural and seven structural proteins consisting of two forms of glycoprotein （GP）： soluble glycoprotein （sGP） and GP （spike）. In this paper, we attempted to characterize and predict physicochemical properties, B-cell epitopes, mutation sites, phosphorylation sites, glycosylation sites, and different protein structures of EBOV GP to provide com- prehensive data about changes of this GP during a 40-years course （1976-2015）. GP sequences were obtained from NCBI gene bank from 1976-2015. Expasy＇sProtParam, PROTSCALE, immuneepitope, Bepipred, BcePred, ABCpred, VaxiJen, DISPHOS, Net- Phos, and numerous programs were used to predict and analyze all sequences. More variety of mutations were found in 2015 sequences and mutations were related to huge changes in B-cell epitopes, phosphorylation and glycosylation sites. In addition, our results determined different sites of disulfide bonds and an important mutation related to IgE epitope as well as four potent B-cell epitopes （380-387, 318-338, 405-438 and 434-475）. In this study, we suggested the effect of mutations on GP properties, six posi- tions for disulfide bonds and four phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C enzyme. Selected sequences were shown different sites for O-link and N-link glycosyl^tion. A mutation that changed GP to an allergen protein and has a significant role in vaccine designing as well as four potent B-cell epitopes in GP protein were found.
