Numerical simulation of flow past circular duct

The Renormalization Group （RNG） k- ε turbulence model and Volume of Fluid （VOF） method were employed to simulate the flow past a circular duct in order to obtain and analyze hydraulic parameters. According to various upper and bottom gap ratios, the force on the duct was calculated. When the bottom gap ratio is 0, the drag force coefficient, lift force coefficient, and composite force reach their maximum values, and the azimuth reaches its minimum. With an increase of the bottom gap ratio from 0 to 1, the drag force coefficient and composite force decrease sharply, and the lift force coefficient does not decreases so much, but the azimuth increases dramatically. With a continuous increase of the bottom gap ratio from 1 upward, the drag force coefficient, lift force coefficient, composite force, and azimuth vary little. Thus, the bottom gap ratio is the key factor influencing the force on the circular duct. When the bottom gap ratio is less than 1, the upper gap ratio has a remarkable influence on the force of the circular duct. When the bottom gap ratio is greater than 1, the variation of the upper gap ratio has little influence on the force of the circular duct.

Computational study of bubbly jets in stagnant water

The air-water bubbly jets in a stagnant water are numerically investigated by using a CFD software package with the realizable k-e turbulence model.The focus is on the jet evolutionary behaviors in terms of the gas void fraction,the axial water velocity,the turbulent kinetic energy(TKE),the entrainment coefficient,and the momentum and buoyancy fluxes in a wide range of the bubbly jets(with the initial gas volume fractions ranging from 0 to 0.83).The computational results are found generally in good agreement with the experimental results reported in the literature.Both the gas void fraction and the axial water velocity follow the Gaussian distribution in the radial direction as expected,however a double-peak distribution is found for the TKE at some distance away from the nozzle.With the increase of the longitudinal distance,their peak values generally are decreased until reaching approximately their terminal values.The non-dimensional relations are revealed in both the radial and longitudinal directions.The potential core and the spreading rates of the bubbly jets are then investigated.The liquid volume flux of the bubbly jets is found to increase almost linearly along the centerline with an entrainment coefficient of 0.037-0.065.The momentum flux of the bubbly jets increases due to the buoyancy force,and the relative importance of the momentum and buoyancy fluxes is also discussed.

Oxygen transfer characteristics of bubbly jet in regular waves

The dissolved oxygen level is an important index of the water environment,and in this paper,the oxygen transfer of the bubbly jet in regular waves is investigated numerically and experimentally.The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations,the re-normalisation group k-e equations,and the volume of fluid(VOF)technique are used along with a 2-D CFD model to simulate the wave and bubble motions as well as the turbulence,and a dissolved oxygen transport equation is used to model the oxygen transfer behavior both through the bubbly interface and the wave surface.A series of experiments are conducted to validate the mathematical model,with good agreement.In addition,a group of dimensionless parameters are defined from the wave parameter and the aeration parameter,and their relationships with the total oxygen transfer coefficient are explored.Furthermore,the dimensional analysis and the least squares methods are used to derive simple prediction formulas for the total oxygen transfer coefficient,and they are validated with the related experimental data.