Fertilization and clear-cutting effects on greenhouse gas emissions of pinewood nematode damaged Masson pine plantation

Introduction:Management practices are essential for maintaining forest ecological functions under increasing diseases and pest disasters.The effects of nitrogen fertilization(NF)and clear-cutting(CC)on the soil microbial community structure and greenhouse gases emission were investigated of pinewood nematodes(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)-infected Masson pine(Pinus massoniana)plantations.Outcomes:CC increased the soil microbial biomass carbon(SMBC)and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(SMBN)contents relative to the control(CK).NF increased the SMBN but had no significant effect on the SMBC content.The total fungal and bacterial abundances increased in the CC treatment compared with the CK,but there was no significant difference between the NF and CK.The cumulative soil CO_(2)emission(-2.35 t C·hm^(-2))was higher than that of CK(1.65 t C·hm^(-2))in summer,and the cumulative annual N_(2)O emission(16.90 kg N·hm^(-2)yr^(-1))of NF was approximately 47 times of CK(0.36 t N·hm^(-2)·yr^(-1)).CC increased the CO_(2)flux(-2.21 t C·hm^(-2))in summer but have no significantly effects on N_(2)O emission.Conclusion:These results indicated that NF and CC practices changed forest soil microbial community structure and affected soil greenhouse gas emissions in pinewood nematodes-infected Masson pine plantations.The CO_(2)emission rates increased in the NF and CC treatments,which reduced the carbon sequestration function of forests and had a negative impact on climate change.

COVID-19 vaccination program in the mainland of China: a subnational descriptive analysis on target population size and current progress

Background:China is facing substantial risks of imported coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)cases and a domestic resurgence in the long run,and COVID-19 vaccination is expected to be the long-lasting solution to end the pandemic.We aim to estimate the size of the target population for COVID-19 vaccination at the provincial level in the mainland of China,and summarize the current progress of vaccination programs,which could support local governments in the timely determination and adjustment of vaccination policies and promotional measures.Methods:We conducted a descriptive study of the entire population in the mainland of China,between December 2020 and August 2021.By extracting provincial-stratifed data from publicly available sources,we estimated the size of priority target groups for vaccination programs,and further characterized the ongoing vaccination program at the provincial level,including the total doses administered,the coverage rate,and the vaccination capacity needed to achieve the target coverage of 80%by the end of 2021.We used R(version 4.1.0)to complete the descriptive statistics.Results:The size of the target population shows large diferences among provinces,ranging from 3.4 million to 108.4 million.As of 31 August,2021,the speed of vaccine roll-out difers considerably as well,with the highest coverage occurring in Beijing and Shanghai,where 88.5%and 79.1%of the population has been fully vaccinated,respectively.In 22 of 31 provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs),more than 70%of the population was administered at least one dose by August.With the current vaccination capacity,the target of 80%coverage could be achieved by 2021 in 28 PLADs.Conclusions:Disparities exist in the target population size and vaccination progress across provinces in the mainland of China.China has made great strides in the vaccination speed since roll-out,and could basically achieve the targeted vaccine coverage.