The Pb-monitoring program was extended for 6 years from 2002 to 2007 at 17 representative urban sites （6 traffic, 5 industrial, and 6 residential sites）, and 3 suburban sites to assess the lead pollution in fine par...The Pb-monitoring program was extended for 6 years from 2002 to 2007 at 17 representative urban sites （6 traffic, 5 industrial, and 6 residential sites）, and 3 suburban sites to assess the lead pollution in fine particulate matter （PM2.5） after phasing out leaded gasoline in Shanghai. Compared with Pb levels reported in other places, the Pb pollution in Shanghai is still serious after phasing out leaded gasoline, which remains at high concentration range （213-176 ng/m^3） in PM2.5 in winter. Significant spatial variation of Pb concentrations and strong seasonal variation of higher Pb concentration in winter than that in summer were detected. The size distribution of Pb in particulate matter has a unimodat mode that peaks at approximately 0.154-1.59 μm particle diameter, indicating that Pb is mainly concentrated in fine fraction. Lead in the fine fraction is enriched by a factor of 103-104 relative to Pb abundance in crust. Eight categories of Pb pollution sources were identified in the PM2.5 in the winter of 2007 in Shanghai. The important emission sources among them are vehicle exhaust derived from combustion of unleaded gasoline, metaUurgic industry emission, and coal combustion emission.展开更多
为了掌握青海东部城市群内大气氨的排放来源及排放特征,搜集并整理了各排放源的活动水平数据,利用排放因子法计算了2017年青海省东部城市群大气氨排放清单.结果表明:①青海省东部城市群2017年氨排放量为44.92×10^(3)t,排放强度为2....为了掌握青海东部城市群内大气氨的排放来源及排放特征,搜集并整理了各排放源的活动水平数据,利用排放因子法计算了2017年青海省东部城市群大气氨排放清单.结果表明:①青海省东部城市群2017年氨排放量为44.92×10^(3)t,排放强度为2.80 t km^(2).②农业源是区域内最大的氨排放源,其中畜禽养殖和农田生态系统氨排放量分别占总排放量的81.07%和7.12%,绵羊、奶牛和肉牛的氨排放量较大.③湟中区和大通回族土族自治县氨排放量较高,占总排放量的53.7%,城中区、大通回族土族自治县、湟中区、湟源县、平安区、乐都区、民和回族土族自治县、互助土族自治县的主要氨排放源均为畜禽养殖源.④污染源分布受地形地势影响,多沿湟水流域分布,同时也与地区经济发展水平有关.研究显示,大气氨排放源以畜禽养殖源为主,且集中于湟中区和大通回族土族自治县.展开更多
This paper deals with the toxic effects of selenium uptakes in the tissues of marine fish. The selenium concentration in skin, liver, muscle and gill of the fish were determined by proton induce X-ray emission (PIXE)....This paper deals with the toxic effects of selenium uptakes in the tissues of marine fish. The selenium concentration in skin, liver, muscle and gill of the fish were determined by proton induce X-ray emission (PIXE). The enzyme levels in liver tissues also were measured and evaluated . The results are shown that 50% lethal dose was LD50= 0. 29μg/g and it was found independent on the injected doses. The enzymes in serviving fish showed a gradual and complete recovery during the observation period. A very low Se uptake in muscle was found. The biological half lives of Se concentration in liver and gill were nearly identical, while the skin exhibited a half life 2. 5 times greater.展开更多
PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants(SO2,HNO2,HNO3,HCl,and NH3) were simultaneously collected by Partisol- Model 2300 Sequential Speciation Sampler with denuder-filter pack system in the spring of 2013 in Beijing.Water-solubl...PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants(SO2,HNO2,HNO3,HCl,and NH3) were simultaneously collected by Partisol- Model 2300 Sequential Speciation Sampler with denuder-filter pack system in the spring of 2013 in Beijing.Water-soluble inorganic ions and gaseous pollutants were measured by Ion Chromatography.Results showed that the concentrations of NH3,NH+ 4and PM2.5 had similar diurnal variation trends and their concentrations were higher at night than in daytime.The results of gas-to-particle conversion revealed that [NH3]:[NH+4] ratio was usually higher than 1; however,it was less than 1 and the concentration of NH+4 increased significantly during the haze episode,indicating that NH3 played an important role in the formation of fine particle.Research on the sampling artifacts suggested that the volatilization loss of NH+4 was prevalent in the traditional single filter-based sampling.The excess loss of HNO3 and HCl resulted from ammonium-poor aerosols and semivolatile inorganic species had severe losses in the clean day,whereas the mass of NH+ 4was usually overestimated during the single filter-based sampling due to the positive artifacts.Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the influence of meteorological conditions on the volatilization loss of NH+4.It was found that the average relative humidity and temperature had great effects on the loss of NH+4.The loss of NH+4 was significantly under high temperature and low humidity,and tended to increase with the increasing of absorption of gaseous pollutants by denuder.The total mass of volatile loss of NH+4,NO- 3and Cl- could not be ignored and its maximum value was 12.17 μg m-3.Therefore it is important to compensate sampling artifacts for semivolatile inorganic species.展开更多
The study on elemental speciation in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is important for understanding the formation and origin of pollution and evaluating their toxicity. In this paper,the speci- ation of iron in at...The study on elemental speciation in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is important for understanding the formation and origin of pollution and evaluating their toxicity. In this paper,the speci- ation of iron in atmospheric PM was investigated with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra based on synchrotron radiation. The chemi- cal components of PM can be calculated by regres- sion analysis of EXAFS spectra. This is a non-destructive method. In order to have knowledge of the influence of chemical components on EXAFS spectra,we prepared a series of mixed reference samples,and proved the precision of method is good. The PM samples with different particle sizes and from different sampling sites were collected in Shanghai,China. The chemical components of the samples were calculated by regression analysis of EXAFS spectra. The results show that the iron in all PM samples mainly consist of Fe2O3,Fe3O4 and Fe2(SO4)3,but their proportions are different in dif- ferent samples. The changes of components among PM samples were observed preliminarily. The con- centrations of iron in the samples were determined by proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. It is observed that the concentrations of iron in the sam- ples of iron and steel industrial district were much higher than those of other districts,and chemical components were also different from those of others.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China (No. 10775172, 10675159)the Major Project of Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KJCX3.SYW.N3)This work has been performed under the approval of the Photon Factory (PF) Program Advisory Committee (No.2007G502)
文摘The Pb-monitoring program was extended for 6 years from 2002 to 2007 at 17 representative urban sites （6 traffic, 5 industrial, and 6 residential sites）, and 3 suburban sites to assess the lead pollution in fine particulate matter （PM2.5） after phasing out leaded gasoline in Shanghai. Compared with Pb levels reported in other places, the Pb pollution in Shanghai is still serious after phasing out leaded gasoline, which remains at high concentration range （213-176 ng/m^3） in PM2.5 in winter. Significant spatial variation of Pb concentrations and strong seasonal variation of higher Pb concentration in winter than that in summer were detected. The size distribution of Pb in particulate matter has a unimodat mode that peaks at approximately 0.154-1.59 μm particle diameter, indicating that Pb is mainly concentrated in fine fraction. Lead in the fine fraction is enriched by a factor of 103-104 relative to Pb abundance in crust. Eight categories of Pb pollution sources were identified in the PM2.5 in the winter of 2007 in Shanghai. The important emission sources among them are vehicle exhaust derived from combustion of unleaded gasoline, metaUurgic industry emission, and coal combustion emission.
文摘为了掌握青海东部城市群内大气氨的排放来源及排放特征,搜集并整理了各排放源的活动水平数据,利用排放因子法计算了2017年青海省东部城市群大气氨排放清单.结果表明:①青海省东部城市群2017年氨排放量为44.92×10^(3)t,排放强度为2.80 t km^(2).②农业源是区域内最大的氨排放源,其中畜禽养殖和农田生态系统氨排放量分别占总排放量的81.07%和7.12%,绵羊、奶牛和肉牛的氨排放量较大.③湟中区和大通回族土族自治县氨排放量较高,占总排放量的53.7%,城中区、大通回族土族自治县、湟中区、湟源县、平安区、乐都区、民和回族土族自治县、互助土族自治县的主要氨排放源均为畜禽养殖源.④污染源分布受地形地势影响,多沿湟水流域分布,同时也与地区经济发展水平有关.研究显示,大气氨排放源以畜禽养殖源为主,且集中于湟中区和大通回族土族自治县.
文摘This paper deals with the toxic effects of selenium uptakes in the tissues of marine fish. The selenium concentration in skin, liver, muscle and gill of the fish were determined by proton induce X-ray emission (PIXE). The enzyme levels in liver tissues also were measured and evaluated . The results are shown that 50% lethal dose was LD50= 0. 29μg/g and it was found independent on the injected doses. The enzymes in serviving fish showed a gradual and complete recovery during the observation period. A very low Se uptake in muscle was found. The biological half lives of Se concentration in liver and gill were nearly identical, while the skin exhibited a half life 2. 5 times greater.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41105111,41275134)the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21190054)+1 种基金Innovative Research Groups of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21221004)the R&D Special Fund for Environmental Public Welfare Industry(Grant No.201309009)
文摘PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants(SO2,HNO2,HNO3,HCl,and NH3) were simultaneously collected by Partisol- Model 2300 Sequential Speciation Sampler with denuder-filter pack system in the spring of 2013 in Beijing.Water-soluble inorganic ions and gaseous pollutants were measured by Ion Chromatography.Results showed that the concentrations of NH3,NH+ 4and PM2.5 had similar diurnal variation trends and their concentrations were higher at night than in daytime.The results of gas-to-particle conversion revealed that [NH3]:[NH+4] ratio was usually higher than 1; however,it was less than 1 and the concentration of NH+4 increased significantly during the haze episode,indicating that NH3 played an important role in the formation of fine particle.Research on the sampling artifacts suggested that the volatilization loss of NH+4 was prevalent in the traditional single filter-based sampling.The excess loss of HNO3 and HCl resulted from ammonium-poor aerosols and semivolatile inorganic species had severe losses in the clean day,whereas the mass of NH+ 4was usually overestimated during the single filter-based sampling due to the positive artifacts.Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the influence of meteorological conditions on the volatilization loss of NH+4.It was found that the average relative humidity and temperature had great effects on the loss of NH+4.The loss of NH+4 was significantly under high temperature and low humidity,and tended to increase with the increasing of absorption of gaseous pollutants by denuder.The total mass of volatile loss of NH+4,NO- 3and Cl- could not be ignored and its maximum value was 12.17 μg m-3.Therefore it is important to compensate sampling artifacts for semivolatile inorganic species.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences （approval code KJCX2-SW-No1） the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 10490182）.
文摘The study on elemental speciation in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is important for understanding the formation and origin of pollution and evaluating their toxicity. In this paper,the speci- ation of iron in atmospheric PM was investigated with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra based on synchrotron radiation. The chemi- cal components of PM can be calculated by regres- sion analysis of EXAFS spectra. This is a non-destructive method. In order to have knowledge of the influence of chemical components on EXAFS spectra,we prepared a series of mixed reference samples,and proved the precision of method is good. The PM samples with different particle sizes and from different sampling sites were collected in Shanghai,China. The chemical components of the samples were calculated by regression analysis of EXAFS spectra. The results show that the iron in all PM samples mainly consist of Fe2O3,Fe3O4 and Fe2(SO4)3,but their proportions are different in dif- ferent samples. The changes of components among PM samples were observed preliminarily. The con- centrations of iron in the samples were determined by proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. It is observed that the concentrations of iron in the sam- ples of iron and steel industrial district were much higher than those of other districts,and chemical components were also different from those of others.
