Thermal–moisture dynamics and thermal stability of active layer in response to wet/dry conditions in the central region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,China

The amount of rainfall varies unevenly in different regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with some regions becoming wetter and others drier. Precipitation has an important impact on the process of surface energy balance and the energy-water transfer within soils. To clarify the thermal-moisture dynamics and thermal stability of the active layer in permafrost regions under wet/dry conditions, the verified water-vapour-heat coupling model was used. Changes in the surface energy balance, energy-water transfer within the soil, and thickness of the active layer were quantitatively analyzed. The results demonstrate that rainfall changes significantly affect the Bowen ratio, which in turn affects surface energy exchange. Under wet/dry conditions, there is a positive correlation between rainfall and liquid water flux under the hydraulic gradient;water vapour migration is the main form under the temperature gradient, which indicates that the influence of water vapour migration on thermalmoisture dynamics of the active layer cannot be neglected. Concurrently, regardless of wet or dry conditions,disturbance of the heat transport by conduction caused by rainfall is stronger than that of convection by liquid water. In addition, when rainfall decreases by 1.5 times(212 mm) and increases by 1.5 times(477 mm), the thickness of the active layer increases by 0.12 m and decreases by 0.21 m, respectively. The results show that dry conditions are not conducive to the preservation of frozen soil;however, wet conditions are conducive to the preservation of frozen soil, although there is a threshold value. When this threshold value is exceeded, rainfall is unfavourable for the development of frozen soil.

Texture and stretch formability of rolled Mg–Zn–RE(Y, Ce, and Gd) alloys at room temperature

To develop a new magnesium alloy with excellent formability at room temperature, the effect of Y, Ce, and Gd addition on texture and stretch formability of Mg-1.5Zn alloys was carried out. The result shows that Y, Ce, and Gd addition in Mg-1.5Zn alloys can effectively weaken and modify the basal plane texture, characterized by TD-split texture in which the position of basal is titled from normal direction （ND） toward transverse direction （TD）. When Mg-1.5Zn alloy with Gd addition appears low texture intensity and TD-split texture, where the position of basal poles is tilted by about 4-35° from ND toward to TD, the largest Erichsen value of 7.0 and the elongation rate reaches 29.1% in TD direction. However, Y and Ce addition in Mg-1.5Zn alloys promote a large number of second phase particles, which cancel the contribution of the unique basal texture to stretch formability and ductility.

Tenement Network and Women's Social Space in Early Twentieth-Century Beijing

本文研究了20世纪早期北京城内平民区的四合院之中的贫民妇女社会网络的形成和运作。通过调取刑事案件档案,文章认为四合院房屋提供了一个性别化的城市空间,妇女以此建立、扩展和维护了灵活而动态的耐久关系网络。在这种集体关系的基础上出现了邻里网络,它仍然是个人化、个体化、以“自我为中心”的,主要受个人情况和目标的驱动。这种网络不是为了任何政治运动而产生,也不涉及更广泛的女性团结。然而,当下层阶级妇女处于情感、家庭或经济危机中时,四合院空间和邻里网络的存在为贫民妇女提供了一些紧急保护和缓冲措施。在改革和革命的动荡年代,这一空间网络是妇女从强烈的国家控制和经济动荡中自我崛起的重要资源。

Prognostic significance of preoperative and postoperative CK19 and CEA m RNA levels in peripheral blood of patients with gastric cardia cancer

AIM To evaluate the clinical and prognostic significance of preoperative and postoperative cytokeratin 19(CK19) and carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) m RNA levels in peripheral blood of patients with gastric cardia cancer(GCC).METHODS We detected the preoperative and postoperative mR NA levels of CK19 and CEA in peripheral blood of 129 GCC patients by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and evaluated their clinical and prognostic significance by univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis. A new prognostic model which stratified patients into three different risk groups was established based on the independent prognostic factors.RESULTS Elevated preoperative and postoperative CK19 and CEA mR NA levels in peripheral blood of GCC patients were associated with lymph node metastasis. Univariate analysis showed that tumor size, histological grade, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, preoperative CK19 m RNA, and preoperative and postoperative CEA m RNA levels were correlated with the prognosis of GCC patients. The multivariate analysis showed that lymph node status(P = 0.018), preoperative CK19(P = 0.035) and CEA(P = 0.011) m RNA levels were independent prognostic factors for overall survival(OS). The 5-year OS rates for the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups were 48.3%, 22.6%, and 4.6%, respectively(P < 0.001).CONCLUSION Elevated preoperative CK19 and CEA mR NA levels may be regarded as promising biomarkers for predicting lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with GCC. This new prognostic model may help us identify the subpopulations of GCC patients with the highest risk.

老年营养风险指数对食管鳞癌患者根治性切除术后生存的影响

目的:探讨术前老年营养风险指数(Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index,GNRI)对食管鳞癌患者根治性切除术后预后的评估价值。方法:回顾性分析天津医科大学肿瘤医院2008年1月至2012年12月行根治性手术切除的315例年龄>60岁食管鳞癌患者的临床病理学及实验室资料。GNRI=1.489×血清白蛋白(g/L)+41.7×(体重/理想体重)。根据GNRI水平将患者分为GNRI正常组和GNRI异常组,χ~2检验分析GNRI与患者临床病理特征之间的关系,采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,生存率比较采用Log-rank检验,Cox比例风险回归模型进行多因素生存分析。结果:GNRI正常组(GNRI>98)259例,GNRI异常组(GNRI≤98)56例。GNRI与患者年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤直径、血清白蛋白水平、BMI和淋巴结转移密切相关(均P<0.05)。GNRI正常组与异常组患者的5年生存率分别为41.2%和27.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.002)。单因素分析显示:年龄、肿瘤直径、血清白蛋白水平、BMI、GNRI、PLR、肿瘤浸润深度和淋巴结转移是影响食管鳞癌患者预后的危险因素(均P<0.05);多因素分析结果显示,术前GNRI(HR=0.687,95%CI:0.487～0.968,P=0.032)异常是影响食管鳞癌患者预后的独立危险因素。亚组分析显示,无论有无淋巴结转移,GNRI正常组患者的生存均显著高于GNRI异常组患者(P=0.036和0.010)。结论:术前GNRI与老年食管鳞癌患者恶性生物学行为相关,可作为预测患者根治术后生存的有用指标。

56例同时性多原发食管鳞癌淋巴结转移因素分析

目的:探讨同时性多原发食管鳞癌(synchronous multiple primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,SMESC)淋巴结转移的特点及预后因素。方法:收集2011年1月至2018年12月收治的56例SMESC患者的临床病例资料,回顾分析各部位的淋巴结转移率,研究不同癌灶浸润深度、长度等因素对淋巴结转移的影响。结果:56例SMESC患者中34例有淋巴结转移,淋巴结转移率为60.7%,颈部、上、下纵隔和腹部的淋巴结转移率分别为16.7%、34.7%、32.7%和38.2%。不同癌灶部位淋巴结转移规律不同,但在上、下纵隔及腹部均有广泛转移。单因素分析结果显示,淋巴结转移与癌灶长度及浸润深度有关(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果表明,原发癌灶浸润深度和清扫淋巴结数目是淋巴结转移的独立预后因素。结论:食管癌McKeown术式及系统淋巴结清扫是目前治疗SMESC的最佳治疗手段。

An Optimal Expansion Planning of Electric Distribution Network Incorporating Health Index and Non-network Solutions

The health status of distribution equipment and networks is not considered directly in existing distribution network planning methods.In order to effectively consider the health status and deal with the risk associated with load and renewable generation uncertainties,this paper presents a new optimal expansion planning approach for distribution network(EPADN)incorporating equipment’s health index(HI)and non-network solutions(NNSs).HI and relevant risk are used to help develop the optimal equipment replacement strategy and temporary NNSs are considered as promising options for handling the uncertainties of load growth,reliability requirements of power supply and output of distributed energy resources(DERs)at a lower cost than network alternatives.An EPADN model using network solutions(NSs)and NNSs is proposed.The planning objectives of the proposed model are safety,reliability,economy,and‘greenness’that are also the meaning of distribution network HI.A method integrating an improved niche genetic algorithm(INGA)and a spanning tree algorithm(STA)is fitted to solve the model presented here for real sized networks with a manageable computational cost.Simulation results of an actual 22-node distribution network in China,illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A mitochondria-targeting lipid——small molecule hybrid nanoparticle for imaging and therapy in an orthotopic glioma model

Hybrid lipid-nanoparticle complexes have shown attractive characteristics as drug carriers due to their integrated advantages from liposomes and nanoparticles.Here we developed a kind of lipid-small molecule hybrid nanoparticles(LPHNPs) for imaging and treatment in an ortho topic glioma model.LPHNPs were prepared by engineering the co-assembly of lipids and an amphiphilic pheophorbide a-quinolinium conjugate(PQC),a mitochondria-targeting small molecule.Compared with the pure nanofiber self-assembled by PQC,LPHNPs not only preserve the comparable antiproliferative potency,but also possess a spherical nanostructure that allows the PQC molecules to be administrated through intravenous injection.Also,this co-assembly remarkably improved the drug-loading capacity and formulation stability against the physical encapsulation using conventional liposomes.By integrating the advantages from liposome and PQC molecule,LPHNPs have minimal system toxicity,enhanced potency of photodynamic therapy(PDT) and visualization capacities of drug biodistribution and tumor imaging.The hybrid nanoparticle demonstrates excellent curative effects to significantly prolong the survival of mice with the orthotopic glioma.The unique co-assembly of lipid and small molecule provides new potential for constructing new liposome-derived nanoformulations and improving cancer treatment.

Female Workers, Political Mobilization, and the Meaning of Revolutionary Citizenship in Beijing, 1948-1950

After entering Beijing in January 1949, the Communist Party immediately sent cadres to local factories in order to mobilize female industrial workers into a women＇s movement and to establish the idea of ＂revolutionary citizenship.＂ The Party wished to nurture this idea in both the local political arena and in women＇s lives inside and outside the factories. This article demonstrates that a host of factors defined revolutionary citizenship, including party directives, choices in revolutionary strategy, cadres＇ interpretations of directives and their own initiatives, and workers＇ reactions to mobilization. It was in this complex mix of mobilization, women＇s strategies to protect and advance their own interests, and the politics of group representation in the revolution, that female workers came to understand the meaning and impact of revolutionary citizenship and the shape of labor-state relations in the emerging socialist China.

Identification of anthelmintic parbendazole as a therapeutic molecule for HNSCC through connectivity map-based drug repositioning

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC) is one of the most common human cancers;however, its outcome of pharmacotherapy is always very limited. Herein, we performed a batch query in the connectivity map(cMap) based on bioinformatics, queried out 35 compounds with therapeutic potential, and screened out parbendazole as a most promising compound, which had an excellent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HNSCC cell lines. In addition, tubulin was identified as a primary target of parbendazole, and the direct binding between them was further verified. Parbendazole was further proved as an effective tubulin polymerization inhibitor, which can block the cell cycle, cause apoptosis and prevent cell migration, and it exhibited reasonable therapeutic effect and low toxicity in the in vivo and in vitro anti-tumor evaluation. Our study repositioned an anthelmintic parbendazole to treat HNSCC, which revealed a therapeutic utility and provided a new treatment option for human cancers.

Excipient-free porphyrin/SN-38 based nanotheranostics for drug delivery and cell imaging

Nanotheranostics with comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities show exciting cancer treatment potentials.Here,we develop an excipient-free drug delivery system for cancer diagnosis as well as therapy,in which a near infra-red photosensitizer and a chemotherapeutic drug can be self-delivered without any carriers.The building block of the drug delivery system was synthesized by covalently conjugating four anticancer drugs(7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin,SN-38)with a photosensitizer(porphyrin)via hydrolyzable ester linkage,which endows the drug delivery system with 100%active pharmaceutical ingredients,excellent imaging,and therapeutic functionalities.The conjugates can readily self-assemble into nanosheets(PS NSs)and remain stable for at least 20 days in aqueous solution.In PS NSs,fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)dominates the fluorescence of SN-38 and enables to monitor the drug release fluorescentiy.The PS NSs also show excellent anticancer activity in vitro,due to the increased cell uptake with the synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy.

Introduction： Remolding Chinese Society： People, Cadres, and Mass Campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s

This special issue grows out of a shared research interest in the state-building process during the formative years of the People＇s Republic of China （roughly defined, 1949-66） and its profound political, social, economic, and cultural consequences. Five articles in this issue demonstrate that the Communist Party of China made a great effort to mobilize different political constituents, social classes, professional groups, and cultural communities to consolidate its rule and advance its revolutionary agendas. Governing a deeply diverse and discontented society, the Party created a system of control and mobilization based on the combined mechanisms of political indoctrination, bureaucratic intervention, neighborhood surveillance, and social voluntarism. Communist rule in the 1950s and early 1960s created new cultural forms, business practices, and a new framework under which the party-state＇s political agenda and bureaucratic apparatus interacted with individual lives.

Wu, Jen-shu, Jiehou ＂tiantang＂. Kangzhan lunxian hou de Suzhou chengshi shenghuo （Paradise in the aftermath of catastrophe： Urban life in occupied Suzhou during the War oflLesistance）

The city of Suzhou never ceases to intrigue historians. Located at the heart of the fabled lower-Yangtze River Delta, it is best known as the home of the most erudite scholars, sophisticated connoisseurs, shrewd merchants, and talented women writers imperial China had ever seen.

Low Voltage Direct Current Supply and Utilization System:Definition,Key Technologies and Development

With rapid increase of distributed solar power generation and direct current(DC)based loads such as data centers,electric vehicles(EVs),and DC household appliances,the development trend of the power system is changed from conventional alternate current(AC)to DC.Traditional AC power systems can scarcely meet the development demand of new DC trends,especially since both the generation side and load side are comprised of DC-based electronic power components.With this background,low voltage direct current supply and utilization system(LVDCSUS)has attracted more and more attention for its great advantages over an AC grid to overcome challenges in operation,reliability,and energy loss in renewable energy connection,DC load power utilization and a number of other aspects.However,the definition of the LVDCSUS is still not clear even though many demonstration projects have been put into planning and operation.In order to provide a clear description of LVDCSUS,first,the characteristics of LVDCSUS are illustrated in this paper to show the advance of the LVDCSUS.Second,the potential application scenarios of LVDCSUS are presented in this paper.Third,application of LVDCSUS technologies and some demonstration projects in China are introduced.Besides the development of the LVDCSUS,key technologies,including but not limited to planning and design,voltage levels,control strategies,and key equipment of LVDCSUS,are discussed in this paper.Finally,future application areas and the research orientations of LVDCSUS are analyzed.

Review and prospect of active distribution system planning

The approach to planning,design and operation of distribution networks have significantly changed due to the proliferation of distributed energy resources(DERs)together with load growth,energy storage technology advancements and increased consumer expectations.Planning of active distribution systems(ADS)has been a very hot topic in the 21st Century.A large number of studies have been done on ADS planning.This paper reviews the state of the art of current ADS planning.Firstly,the influences of DERs on the ADS planning are addressed.Secondly,the characteristics and objectives of ADS planning are summarized.Then,up to date planning model and some related research are highlighted in different areas such as forecasting load and distributed generation,mathematical model of ADS planning and solution algorithms.Finally,the paper explores some directions of future research on ADS planning including planning collaboratively with all elements combined in ADS,taking into account of joint planning in secondary system,coordinating goals among different layers,integrating detailed operation simulations and regular performance based reviews into planning,and developing advanced planning tools.

African Swine Fever Virus MGF-110-9L-deficient Mutant Has Attenuated Virulence in Pigs

African swine fever virus(ASFV)is the etiological agent of African swine fever(ASF),an often lethal disease in domestic and wild pigs.ASF represents a major threat to the swine industry worldwide.Currently,no commercial vaccine is available because of the complexity of ASFV or biosecurity concerns.Live attenuated viruses that are naturally isolated or genetically manipulated have demonstrated reliable protection against homologous ASFV strain challenge.In the present study,a mutant ASFV strain with the deletion of ASFV MGF-110-9L(ASFV-D9L)was generated from a highly virulent ASFV CN/GS/2018 parental strain,a genotypeⅡASFV.Relative to the parental ASFV isolate,deletion of the MGF-110-9L gene significantly decreased the ability of ASFV-D9L to replicate in vitro in primary swine macrophage cell cultures.The majority of animals inoculated intramuscularly with a low dose of ASFV-D9L(10 HAD50)remained clinically normal during the 21-day observational period.Three of five ASFV-D9L-infected animals displayed low viremia titers and low virus shedding and developed a strong virus-specific antibody response,indicating partial attenuation of the ASFV-D9L strain in pigs.The findings imply the potential usefulness of the ASFV-D9L strain for further development of ASF control measures.

Time Synchronization for Transmission Substations Using GPS and IEEE 1588

Time synchronization systems that utilize the global navigation satellite systems(GNSS)are widely used in the monitoring,control,and protection of transmission networks.They ensure that phasor measurement units(PMUs)can accurately monitor voltage phase angles,increase the accuracy of fault locators,enhance the capabilities of disturbance recorders,and allow differential feeder protection to use re-routable communication networks.However,concern about the reliability of GNSS receivers used in intelligent electronic devices(IEDs)have been reported;problems include mal-operations of differential protection,erroneous satellite timing/location messages,inappropriate installations,and blocking of satellite signals due to illegal use of GNSS jammers in vehicles.Utilities now require a timing system less dependent on the use of low cost GNSS receivers integrated into IEDs,but one that uses Grandmaster clocks,slave and transparent clocks,and an Ethernet communication network.The IEEE 1588-2008 synchronization protocol uses the Ethernet to disseminate a global time reference around a substation.A future substation will probably include duplicate 1588 grandmasters,each incorporating stable oscillators with GNSS and terrestrial receivers,in conjunction with a 1588 compliant Ethernet data network with slave and transparent clocks,and redundancy boxes for interfacing with IEDs.Although IEEE 1588 protocol is promising for future substation automation systems,its performance and impact has to be fully evaluated before it can be used in real substations.This paper describes how an IEEE 1588 time synchronization testbed is designed,constructed,and tested.Testing involves measuring the time offset when the Ethernet is heavily loaded with other traffic and the holdover capability of 1588 clocks.Additional delay introduced by IEEE 1588 traffic is also measured.As there is limited testing on GPS receivers within the power industry,this paper also uses the testbed to evaluate the steady state and transient behavior of GPS receivers.The results show a 1588 time synchronization system is accurate,secure,and ideally suited for protection and control applications,compared to a timing system merely based on GPS receivers.The information described in this paper should increase a utility’s confidence in applying IEEE 1588 timing in a real substation.

Engineering Novel Molecular Beacon Constructs to Study Intracellular RNA Dynamics and Localization

With numerous advancements in novel biochemical techniques, our knowledge of the role of RNAs in the regulation of cellular physiology and pathology has grown significantly over the past several decades. Nevertheless, detailed information regarding RNA processing, trafficking, and localization in living cells has been lacking due to technical limitations in imaging single RNA transcripts in living cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. In this review, we discuss tech- niques that have shown great promise for single RNA imaging, followed by highlights in our recent work in the development of molecular beacons （MBs）, a class of nanoscale oligonucleotide-probes, for detecting individual RNA transcripts in living cells. With further refinement of MB design and development of more sophisticated fluorescence microscopy techniques, we envision that MB-based approaches could promote new discoveries of RNA functions and activities.

Inhibition of retroviral Gag assembly by non-silencing miRNAs promotes autophagic viral degradation

We recently reported an unconventional mechanism by which miRNAs inhibit HIV-1 viral production. This occurs when miRNAs bind nonspecifically to the viral structural protein Gag, interfering with viral RNA-medi- ated Gag assembly at the plasma membrane. Conse- quently, misassembled viral complexes are redirected into the endocytic pathway where they are delivered to lysosomes for degradation. In this study, we demon- strate that autophagy is a critical mediator of the viral degradation pathway and that this pathway is not HIV-1 specific. Misassembled viral complexes were found to colocalize extensively with LC3 and p62 in late endo- somesllysosomes, demonstrating a convergence of autophagy with functional degradative compartments. Knocking down autophagosome formation machineries reduced this convergence, while treatment with autop- hagy-inducer rapamycin enhanced the convergence. Furthermore, similar autophagy-dependent nonspecific miRNA inhibition of murine leukemia virus （MLV） assembly was shown. Overall, these results reveal autophagy as a crucial regulator of the retroviral degradation pathway in host cells initiated by non- specific miRNA-Gag interactions. These findings could have significant implications for understanding how cells may regulate retroviral complex assembly by miRNA expression and autophagy, and raise the possi- bility that similar regulations can occur in other biolog- ical contexts.

Guest Editorial: Special Issue on Active Distribution Systems

The increasing penetration of intermittent and stochastic distributed energy resources(DERs),including renewable generations,active loads and energy storage,brings great challenges for traditional distribution networks.Active distribution systems(ADS)have coordinated controls and active managements in place and make the higher penetration and integration of distributed energy resources possible.This special issue is dedicated to reflecting the latest progress and technologies in ADS.There are 17 papers included focusing on the following 7 topics.