Deepwater turbidite lobe reservoirs have massive hydrocarbon potential and represent one of the most promising exploration targets for hydrocarbon industry.Key elements of turbidite lobes internal heterogeneity includ...Deepwater turbidite lobe reservoirs have massive hydrocarbon potential and represent one of the most promising exploration targets for hydrocarbon industry.Key elements of turbidite lobes internal heterogeneity include the architectural hierarchy and complex amalgamations at each hierarchical level leading to the complex distribution of shale drapes.Due to limitation of data,to build models realistically honoring the reservoir architecture provides an effective way to reduce risk and improve hydrocarbon recovery.A variety of modeling techniques on turbidite lobes exist and can be broadly grouped into pixel-based,process-based,process-oriented,surface-based,object-based and a hybrid approach of two or more of these methods.The rationale and working process of methods is reviewed,along with their pros and cons.In terms of geological realism,object-based models can capture the most realistic architectures,including the multiple hierarchy and the amalgamations at different hierarchical levels.In terms of data conditioning,pixel-based and multiple-point statistics methods could honor the input data to the best degree.In practical,dif?ferent methods should be adopted depending on the goal of the project.Such a review could improve the understanding of existing modeling methods on turbidite lobes and could benefit the hydrocarbon exploration activities of such reservoirs in offshore China.展开更多
Since 1982,Landsat series of satellite sensors continuously acquired thermal infrared images of the Earth’s land surface.In this study,Landsat 5,7,and 8 land surface temperature(LST)products in the conterminous Unite...Since 1982,Landsat series of satellite sensors continuously acquired thermal infrared images of the Earth’s land surface.In this study,Landsat 5,7,and 8 land surface temperature(LST)products in the conterminous United States from 2009 to 2019 were validated using in situ measurements collected at 6 SURFRAD(Surface Radiation Budget Network)sites,6 ARM(Atmospheric Radiation Measurement)sites,and 9 NDBC(National Data Buoy Center)sites.The results indicate that a relatively consistent performance among Landsat 5,7,and 8 LST products is obtained for most sites due to the consistent LST retrieval algorithm in conjunction with the same atmospheric compensation and land surface emissivity(LSE)correction methods for Landsat 5,7,and 8 sensors.Large bias and root mean square error(RMSE)of Landsat LST product are obtained at some vegetated sites due to incorrect LSE estimation where LSE is invariant with the increasing of normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI).Except for the sites with incorrect LSE estimation,a mean bias(RMSE)of the differences between Landsat LST and in situ LST is 1.0 K(2.1 K)over snow-free land surfaces,−1.1 K(1.6 K)over snow surfaces,and−0.3 K(1.1 K)over water surfaces.展开更多
Q345B carbon steel as well as Q450NQR1 and S500AW weathering steels were subjected to outdoor exposure corrosion tests in coal environments and indoor periodic immersion accelerated corrosion tests with a simulated co...Q345B carbon steel as well as Q450NQR1 and S500AW weathering steels were subjected to outdoor exposure corrosion tests in coal environments and indoor periodic immersion accelerated corrosion tests with a simulated coal leaching solution.The corrosion kinetics were studied by the weight loss method,and the corrosion morphology and corrosion product composition were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.Afterward,correlation analysis of the indoor and outdoor tests was carried out by the gray correlation analysis method.The results show that the relationship between the corrosion weight loss and corrosion time of the three steels conforms to follow the exponent power law.In particular,Q450NQR1 steel has the best corrosion resistance.The types of corrosion products and the distribution of elements in the rust layer of the three steels are similar in the indoor and outdoor tests.The gray correlation degrees of the three steels in the indoor and outdoor tests are all greater than 0.6;thus,the two corrosion tests have a good correlation.Based on this,the accelerated simulation test method of the coal leaching solution is determined,and life prediction models of three steels in coal leaching solution are established to simulate the corrosion of the bottom board and side board.展开更多
The corrosion behavior of carbon steels and weathering steels was investigated in a tropical marine environment.And both exhibited similar corrosion weight-loss behavior in tropical marine environments.Corrosion weigh...The corrosion behavior of carbon steels and weathering steels was investigated in a tropical marine environment.And both exhibited similar corrosion weight-loss behavior in tropical marine environments.Corrosion weight loss(W)as a function of exposure time(t)can be calculated using the power function,W=A^tn.The values of the initial corrosion rate,A,and corrosion tendency,n,can be easily obtained by taking the logarithm of the power equation.However,the corrosion rust-layer structure of the two materials was quite different.The rust layer of carbon steel presents a single-layer structure.Meanwhile,the rust layer of weathering steel exhibits a single-layer structure after exposure for about 24 months and then gradually evolves into a double-layer structure.The main corrosion products of the steels areβ-FeOOH,γ-FeOOH,and Fe3O4 in the initial stage of exposure.In the rust layers,α-FeOOH appeared after 12 months of exposure.展开更多
基金China Scholarship Council,University College Dublin are thanked for the financial support.
文摘Deepwater turbidite lobe reservoirs have massive hydrocarbon potential and represent one of the most promising exploration targets for hydrocarbon industry.Key elements of turbidite lobes internal heterogeneity include the architectural hierarchy and complex amalgamations at each hierarchical level leading to the complex distribution of shale drapes.Due to limitation of data,to build models realistically honoring the reservoir architecture provides an effective way to reduce risk and improve hydrocarbon recovery.A variety of modeling techniques on turbidite lobes exist and can be broadly grouped into pixel-based,process-based,process-oriented,surface-based,object-based and a hybrid approach of two or more of these methods.The rationale and working process of methods is reviewed,along with their pros and cons.In terms of geological realism,object-based models can capture the most realistic architectures,including the multiple hierarchy and the amalgamations at different hierarchical levels.In terms of data conditioning,pixel-based and multiple-point statistics methods could honor the input data to the best degree.In practical,dif?ferent methods should be adopted depending on the goal of the project.Such a review could improve the understanding of existing modeling methods on turbidite lobes and could benefit the hydrocarbon exploration activities of such reservoirs in offshore China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 41871275 and 41921001]by the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution[grant number 1610132020044].
文摘Since 1982,Landsat series of satellite sensors continuously acquired thermal infrared images of the Earth’s land surface.In this study,Landsat 5,7,and 8 land surface temperature(LST)products in the conterminous United States from 2009 to 2019 were validated using in situ measurements collected at 6 SURFRAD(Surface Radiation Budget Network)sites,6 ARM(Atmospheric Radiation Measurement)sites,and 9 NDBC(National Data Buoy Center)sites.The results indicate that a relatively consistent performance among Landsat 5,7,and 8 LST products is obtained for most sites due to the consistent LST retrieval algorithm in conjunction with the same atmospheric compensation and land surface emissivity(LSE)correction methods for Landsat 5,7,and 8 sensors.Large bias and root mean square error(RMSE)of Landsat LST product are obtained at some vegetated sites due to incorrect LSE estimation where LSE is invariant with the increasing of normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI).Except for the sites with incorrect LSE estimation,a mean bias(RMSE)of the differences between Landsat LST and in situ LST is 1.0 K(2.1 K)over snow-free land surfaces,−1.1 K(1.6 K)over snow surfaces,and−0.3 K(1.1 K)over water surfaces.
基金supported by the National Key ResearchandDevelopmentProgram.of China.(Grant,No.2017YFB0304602)the Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Metal Materials forMarine Equipment and Application(No.SKLMEA-K201908).
文摘Q345B carbon steel as well as Q450NQR1 and S500AW weathering steels were subjected to outdoor exposure corrosion tests in coal environments and indoor periodic immersion accelerated corrosion tests with a simulated coal leaching solution.The corrosion kinetics were studied by the weight loss method,and the corrosion morphology and corrosion product composition were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.Afterward,correlation analysis of the indoor and outdoor tests was carried out by the gray correlation analysis method.The results show that the relationship between the corrosion weight loss and corrosion time of the three steels conforms to follow the exponent power law.In particular,Q450NQR1 steel has the best corrosion resistance.The types of corrosion products and the distribution of elements in the rust layer of the three steels are similar in the indoor and outdoor tests.The gray correlation degrees of the three steels in the indoor and outdoor tests are all greater than 0.6;thus,the two corrosion tests have a good correlation.Based on this,the accelerated simulation test method of the coal leaching solution is determined,and life prediction models of three steels in coal leaching solution are established to simulate the corrosion of the bottom board and side board.
文摘The corrosion behavior of carbon steels and weathering steels was investigated in a tropical marine environment.And both exhibited similar corrosion weight-loss behavior in tropical marine environments.Corrosion weight loss(W)as a function of exposure time(t)can be calculated using the power function,W=A^tn.The values of the initial corrosion rate,A,and corrosion tendency,n,can be easily obtained by taking the logarithm of the power equation.However,the corrosion rust-layer structure of the two materials was quite different.The rust layer of carbon steel presents a single-layer structure.Meanwhile,the rust layer of weathering steel exhibits a single-layer structure after exposure for about 24 months and then gradually evolves into a double-layer structure.The main corrosion products of the steels areβ-FeOOH,γ-FeOOH,and Fe3O4 in the initial stage of exposure.In the rust layers,α-FeOOH appeared after 12 months of exposure.
