China is preparing to establish a nationwide carbon market in 2017, and in order to facilitate this goal, seven pilot carbon markets have been under study for the past few years. This paper summarizes the operation ex...China is preparing to establish a nationwide carbon market in 2017, and in order to facilitate this goal, seven pilot carbon markets have been under study for the past few years. This paper summarizes the operation experience and challenges of the seven pilot carbon markets in China.It has been widely accepted that the essence of a carbon market is to solve environmental problems through market mechanisms, with environmental benefit being the fundamental purpose, market mechanism being the key measure, and policies and regulations being an important guarantee for an orderly carbon market. Therefore, this paper constructs an evaluation index system composed of 34 detailed sub-indexes in three dimensions, such as environmental constraint force, market resource allocation ability, and supporting policies and facility completeness. Through analyzing the operation data from 2013 to 2016, the weights of the sub-indexes are obtained. In addition, the study obtains experts' opinions from over 10 carbon permits exchanges, consultancy firms and research institutions in China, and conducts a comprehensive evaluation on the development degree of the seven pilot carbon markets. Results show that the pilot carbon markets that include private SMEs as the covered entities for emissions control present relatively higher environmental constraint force. But too many covered entities could increase the difficulty of market performance management, while the pilots that include high energy-consuming state-owned enterprises as the entities for emissions control demonstrate a phenomenon of "high market compliance rate with low trading volume". The resource allocation capability of China's carbon market has not been effectively brought into play, and low degree of market participation has become an important constraint factor for market development. Due to the lack of laws and regulations at the national macro-level, the legally binding force of the pilot markets construction is obviously insufficient, and the supporting policies are lacking foresights.Generally, the development of China's pilot carbon markets is still in such a fragmented state as in the aspects of environment, market and policy development, and the market operation has not yet achieved the purpose of solving environmental problems through market mechanisms.Accordingly, policy recommendations pointed out by this study are that tightening the allowance of free quota and progressively increasing the auction proportion, improving legal construction,increasing the services and products of carbon finance and standardizing the order of market transactions, enhancing capacity building of local governments and promoting the participation willingness and capability of emissions control entities, will be necessary.展开更多
Contemporary social problems,such as energy shortage and environmental pollution,require developing green energy storage technologies in the context of sustainable development.With the application of secondary battery...Contemporary social problems,such as energy shortage and environmental pollution,require developing green energy storage technologies in the context of sustainable development.With the application of secondary battery technology becoming widespread,the development of traditional lithium(Li)-ion batteries,which are based on insertion/deinsertion reactions,has hit a bottleneck;instead,conversion-type lithium metal batteries(LMBs)have attracted considerable attention owing to the high theoretical capacity of Li metal anodes.In this review,Li-S,Li-O_(2),and Li-SOCl_(2)batteries are used as examples to summarize LMBs based on their conversion reactions from the perspectives of cathode material,anode material,electrolyte,separator,and current collector.Key challenges exist regarding the conversion reactions of various batteries.To achieve the optimum performance and improve the application effect,several improvement strategies have been proposed in relation to reasonable designs of next-generation high-performance rechargeable batteries.展开更多
A general and high-efficiency C-alkylation of oxindoles and barbituric acids has been developed by a Cp*Ir complex[Cp*Ir(2,20-bpyO)(OH)]Na with a bipyridine-based functional ligand.In particular,H_(2)O was selected as...A general and high-efficiency C-alkylation of oxindoles and barbituric acids has been developed by a Cp*Ir complex[Cp*Ir(2,20-bpyO)(OH)]Na with a bipyridine-based functional ligand.In particular,H_(2)O was selected as the solvent instead of the organic solvent in this catalytic system.Through mild reaction conditions gave a variety of corresponding alkylated heterocyclic compounds with good to excellent yields.More importantly,the gramscale C-alkylation reaction was successfully carried out with good yield using a common route with only a single purification by column chromatography.展开更多
CONSPECTUS:Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have obtained extensive attention as desirable candidates for smart grids and large-scale energy storage systems(ESSs)because they have the conspicuous advantages of resource abund...CONSPECTUS:Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have obtained extensive attention as desirable candidates for smart grids and large-scale energy storage systems(ESSs)because they have the conspicuous advantages of resource abundance and competitive price.However,the biggish radius and heavier molar mass of Na^(+) and the lower negative redox potential of Na^(+)/Na give rise to low volumetric/gravimetric energy densities,sluggish reaction dynamics,and an inferior life-span.It is therefore crucial to concentrate on the development of tailored electrode materials with robust architectures and expedited Na+diffusion kinetics so as to take SIB energy systems one step closer to practical applications.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China "Modelling Carbon Price Drivers with Optimized Smart Methods"[Grant number:71101133]The key program of National Social Science Foundation of China "Research on the maturity of China's carbon market and environmental regulation policy"[Grant number:14AZD051]Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University "Carbon finance innovation-Research on the price formation mechanism of international carbon market"[Grant number:NCET-11-0725]
文摘China is preparing to establish a nationwide carbon market in 2017, and in order to facilitate this goal, seven pilot carbon markets have been under study for the past few years. This paper summarizes the operation experience and challenges of the seven pilot carbon markets in China.It has been widely accepted that the essence of a carbon market is to solve environmental problems through market mechanisms, with environmental benefit being the fundamental purpose, market mechanism being the key measure, and policies and regulations being an important guarantee for an orderly carbon market. Therefore, this paper constructs an evaluation index system composed of 34 detailed sub-indexes in three dimensions, such as environmental constraint force, market resource allocation ability, and supporting policies and facility completeness. Through analyzing the operation data from 2013 to 2016, the weights of the sub-indexes are obtained. In addition, the study obtains experts' opinions from over 10 carbon permits exchanges, consultancy firms and research institutions in China, and conducts a comprehensive evaluation on the development degree of the seven pilot carbon markets. Results show that the pilot carbon markets that include private SMEs as the covered entities for emissions control present relatively higher environmental constraint force. But too many covered entities could increase the difficulty of market performance management, while the pilots that include high energy-consuming state-owned enterprises as the entities for emissions control demonstrate a phenomenon of "high market compliance rate with low trading volume". The resource allocation capability of China's carbon market has not been effectively brought into play, and low degree of market participation has become an important constraint factor for market development. Due to the lack of laws and regulations at the national macro-level, the legally binding force of the pilot markets construction is obviously insufficient, and the supporting policies are lacking foresights.Generally, the development of China's pilot carbon markets is still in such a fragmented state as in the aspects of environment, market and policy development, and the market operation has not yet achieved the purpose of solving environmental problems through market mechanisms.Accordingly, policy recommendations pointed out by this study are that tightening the allowance of free quota and progressively increasing the auction proportion, improving legal construction,increasing the services and products of carbon finance and standardizing the order of market transactions, enhancing capacity building of local governments and promoting the participation willingness and capability of emissions control entities, will be necessary.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52025013,52071184,52171228,21705103,and 52202266)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.22JCZDJC00170)+1 种基金the 111 Project(No.B12015)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,the Applied Basic Research Project of Shanxi Province(Nos.202103021224251 and 202103021223259).
文摘Contemporary social problems,such as energy shortage and environmental pollution,require developing green energy storage technologies in the context of sustainable development.With the application of secondary battery technology becoming widespread,the development of traditional lithium(Li)-ion batteries,which are based on insertion/deinsertion reactions,has hit a bottleneck;instead,conversion-type lithium metal batteries(LMBs)have attracted considerable attention owing to the high theoretical capacity of Li metal anodes.In this review,Li-S,Li-O_(2),and Li-SOCl_(2)batteries are used as examples to summarize LMBs based on their conversion reactions from the perspectives of cathode material,anode material,electrolyte,separator,and current collector.Key challenges exist regarding the conversion reactions of various batteries.To achieve the optimum performance and improve the application effect,several improvement strategies have been proposed in relation to reasonable designs of next-generation high-performance rechargeable batteries.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22005179)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Nos.ZR2020QB113,ZR2020MB018 and ZR2021QB049).
文摘A general and high-efficiency C-alkylation of oxindoles and barbituric acids has been developed by a Cp*Ir complex[Cp*Ir(2,20-bpyO)(OH)]Na with a bipyridine-based functional ligand.In particular,H_(2)O was selected as the solvent instead of the organic solvent in this catalytic system.Through mild reaction conditions gave a variety of corresponding alkylated heterocyclic compounds with good to excellent yields.More importantly,the gramscale C-alkylation reaction was successfully carried out with good yield using a common route with only a single purification by column chromatography.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52025013,52071184,52171228,21835004)the 111 Project(B12015)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(19JCZDJC31800)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘CONSPECTUS:Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have obtained extensive attention as desirable candidates for smart grids and large-scale energy storage systems(ESSs)because they have the conspicuous advantages of resource abundance and competitive price.However,the biggish radius and heavier molar mass of Na^(+) and the lower negative redox potential of Na^(+)/Na give rise to low volumetric/gravimetric energy densities,sluggish reaction dynamics,and an inferior life-span.It is therefore crucial to concentrate on the development of tailored electrode materials with robust architectures and expedited Na+diffusion kinetics so as to take SIB energy systems one step closer to practical applications.
