Visualization of gold nanoparticles formation in DC plasma-liquid systems

Dual argon plasmas ignited by one direct current power source are used to treat an aqueous solution of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate-(Ⅲ)trihydrate(HAuCl_(4)·3H_(2)O)which is contained in an H-type electrochemical cell.The solution contained in one cell acts as a cathode,and in the other as an anode.Experiments are carried out to directly visualize the formation process of gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)in separated cells of the H-type electrochemical reactor.The results and analyzes suggest that hydrogen peroxide and hydrated electrons generated from the plasma-liquid interactions play the roles of reductants in the solutions,respectively.Hydrogen peroxide can be generated in the case of the liquid being a cathode or an anode,while most of hydrated electrons are formed in the case of the liquid being an anode.Therefore,the reduction of the AuCl_(4)−ions is mostly attributed to the hydrogen peroxide as the liquid acts as a cathode,while to the hydrogen peroxide and hydrated electrons as the liquid acts as an anode.Moreover,the p H value of the solution can be used to tune the formation processes and final form of the Au NPs due to its mediation of reductants.

Colorimetric quantification of aqueous hydrogen peroxide in the DC plasma-liquid system

The quantification of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))generated in the plasma-liquid interactions is of great importance,since the H_(2)O_(2)species is vital for the applications of the plasma-liquid system.Herein,we report on in situ quantification of the aqueous H_(2)O_(2)(H_(2)O_(2)aq)using a colorimetric method for the DC plasma-liquid systems with liquid as either a cathode or an anode.The results show that the H_(2)O_(2)aqyield is 8-12 times larger when the liquid acts as a cathode than when the liquid acts as an anode.The conversion rate of the gaseous OH radicals to H_(2)O_(2)aqis 4-6 times greater in the former case.However,the concentrations of dissolved OH radicals for both liquid as cathode and anode are of the same order of tens of n M.

Identification of two migratory colon ILC2 populations differentially expressing IL-17A and IL-5/IL-13

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells(ILC2s)play important tissue resident roles in anti-parasite immunity,allergic immune response,tissue homeostasis,and tumor immunity.ILC2s are considered tissue resident cells with little proliferation at steady state.Recent studies have shown that a subset of small intestinal ILC2s could leave their residing tissues,circulate and migrate to different organs,including lung,liver,mesenteric LN and spleen,upon activation.However,it remains unknown whether other ILC populations with migratory behavior exist.In this study,we find two major colon ILC2 populations with potential to migrate to the lung in response to IL-25 stimulation.One subset expresses IL-17A and resembles inflammatory ILC2s(iILC2s)but lacks CD27 expression,whereas the other expresses CD27 but not IL-17A.In addition,the IL-17A^(+)ILC2s express lower levels of CD127,CD25,and ST2 than CD27^(+)ILC2s,which express higher levels of IL-5 and IL-13.Surprisingly,we found that both colon ILC2 populations still maintained their colonic features of preferential expression of IL-17A and CD27,IL-5/IL-13,respectively.Together,our study identifies two migratory colon ILC2 subsets with unique surface markers and cytokine profiles which are critical in regulating lung and colon immunity and homeostasis.

Recent advances in photodynamic therapy based on emerging two-dimensional layered nanomaterials

Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is a promising non-invasive therapy approach for various diseases including malignant tumor.The process of PDT involves three interrelated aspects,namely photosensitizer(PS),light source,and oxygen,among which PS is the decisive factor that determines its anticancer efficiency.There exist some defects in currently applied PDT,such as inadequate production of reactive oxygen species(ROS),poor penetration of exciting light,insufficient oxygen supply,and nonselective distribution of PS.With unique physicochemical and optical properties,two-dimensional nanomaterials(2DNMs)have aroused great interest in biomedical fields.2DNMs-based PDT is promising to significantly improve antitumor efficacy compared to conventional PDT.In this review,we will firstly introduce the underlying mechanism of PDT and how 2DNMs are absorbed and distribute inside tumor cells.After that,we will not only illustrate how 2DNMs-based PDT can enhance tumor-killing efficacy and minimize side-effects through conquering the above-mentioned defects of conventional PDT and the preparation process of 2DNMs,but also elaborate recent advances about 2DNMs-based PDT.Lastly,we will summarize the challenges and future prospects of 2DNMs-based PDT.

Ceftazidime is a potential drug to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro by blocking spike protein-ACE2 interaction

Dear Editor,Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has spread globally as a severe pandemic,which is caused by a novel coronavirus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).1 COVID-19 is a serious threat to healthcare systems,economies,and is devastating to some populations,such as the elderly and those with comorbidities.It is likely to coexist with human beings for a long time.Unfortunately,there is still no effective cure for COVID-19,especially the critically ill patients.

Distinct chemokines selectively induce HIV-1 gp120-integrinα4β7 binding via triggering conformer-specific activation ofα4β7

Dear Editor,Gut associated lymphoid tissue(GALT)is the principal site where human immunodeficiency virus 1(HIV-1)replicates.CD4^(+) T cells residing in GALT are predominant targets of HIV-1 during the acute phase of infection.CD4^(+) T cells expressing a high level of gut-homing receptor integrin α4β7 are more susceptible to productive infection by HIV-1.

Correction To:Ceftazidime is a potential drug to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro by blocking spike protein-ACE2 interaction

After online publication of the article1 we noticed an error in citations for affiliation in the supplementary materials published in this article.The citations for affiliation in the article were reordered during the production process to match the order of authors in the author group.Unfortunately,this was not reflected in the supplementary material.