Extensive usage of highly conductive carbon materials with large specific surface area(e.g.,carbon nanotubes,CNTs)in lithium ion batteries(LIBs),especially as current collector of anodes,suffers from low initial coulo...Extensive usage of highly conductive carbon materials with large specific surface area(e.g.,carbon nanotubes,CNTs)in lithium ion batteries(LIBs),especially as current collector of anodes,suffers from low initial coulombic efficiency(ICE),large interfacial resistance,and severe embrittlement,as the large specific surface area often results in severe interfacial decomposition of the electrolyte and the formation of thick and fluffy solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)during cycling of LIBs.Herein,we demonstrate that when the CNT-based current collector and Na foil(which are being stacked intimately upon each other)are being placed in Na+-based organic electrolyte,local redox reaction between the Na foil and the electrolyte would occur spontaneously,generating a thin and homogeneous NaF-based passivating layer on the CNTs.More importantly,we found that owing to the weak solvation behaviors of Na+in the organic electrolyte,the resulting passivation layer,which is rich in NaF,is thin and dense;when used as the anode current collector in LIBs,the pre-existing passivating layer can function effectively in isolating the anode from the solvated Li+,thus suppressing the formation of bulky SEI and the destructive intercalation of solvated Li+.The relevant half-cell(graphite as anode)exhibits a high ICE of 92.1%;the relevant pouch cell with thus passivated CNT film as current collectors for both electrodes(LiCoO_(2)as cathode,graphite as anode)displays a high energy density of 255 Wh kg^(-1),spelling an increase of 50%compared with that using the conventional metal current collectors.展开更多
Freeform optics has become the most prominent element of the optics industry. Advanced freeform optical designs supplementary to ultra-precision manufacturing and metrology techniques have upgraded the lifestyle, thin...Freeform optics has become the most prominent element of the optics industry. Advanced freeform optical designs supplementary to ultra-precision manufacturing and metrology techniques have upgraded the lifestyle, thinking, and observing power of existing humans.Imaginations related to space explorations, portability, accessibility have also witnessed sensible in today’s time with freeform optics. Present-day design methods and fabrications techniques applicable in the development of freeform optics and the market requirements are focussed and explained with the help of traditional and non-traditional optical applications. Over the years,significant research is performed in the emerging field of freeform optics, but no standards are established yet in terms of tolerances and definitions. We critically review the optical design methods for freeform optics considering the image forming and non-image forming applications. Numerous subtractive manufacturing technologies including figure correction methods and metrology have been developed to fabricate extreme modern freeform optics to satisfy the demands of various applications such as space, astronomy, earth science, defence,biomedical, material processing, surveillance, and many more. We described a variety of advanced technologies in manufacturing and metrology for novel freeform optics. Next, we also covered the manufacturing-oriented design scheme for advanced optics. We conclude this review with an outlook on the future of freeform optics design, manufacturing and metrology.展开更多
为了让人们的生活更加便利,随时都可以购买到自己需要的商品,本系统使用ASP.NET、Visual Studio 2013和SQL Server 2014数据库等技术,设计开发了具有用户注册、登录、个人信息修改、图书信息管理、购物车管理、订单管理、销售查询等功...为了让人们的生活更加便利,随时都可以购买到自己需要的商品,本系统使用ASP.NET、Visual Studio 2013和SQL Server 2014数据库等技术,设计开发了具有用户注册、登录、个人信息修改、图书信息管理、购物车管理、订单管理、销售查询等功能的网上书店系统.为了使页面构造简洁,所以其中网页设计基本都是使用ASP.NET中的各种控件设计实现的.展开更多
Fine finishing of tungsten alloy is required to improve the surface quality of molds and precision instruments. Nevertheless, it is difficult to obtain high-quality surfaces as a result of grain boundary steps attribu...Fine finishing of tungsten alloy is required to improve the surface quality of molds and precision instruments. Nevertheless, it is difficult to obtain high-quality surfaces as a result of grain boundary steps attributed to differences in properties of two-phase microstructures. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation on chemical mechanical polishing of W–Ni–Fe alloy. The mechanism of the boundary step generation is illustrated and a model of grain boundary step formation is proposed. The mechanism reveals the effects of mechanical and chemical actions in both surface roughness and material removal. The model was verified by the experiments and the results show that appropriately balancing the mechanical and chemical effects restrains the generation of boundary steps and leads to a fine surface quality with a high removal rate by citric acid-based slurry.展开更多
The subway operation generates a large amount of waste heat,which will lead to a disruption of the underground thermal balance.To remove the heat,a ground source heat pump system adopting capillary net as the front-en...The subway operation generates a large amount of waste heat,which will lead to a disruption of the underground thermal balance.To remove the heat,a ground source heat pump system adopting capillary net as the front-end heat exchanger can be built in the tunnels to recycle the waste heat and use it for building heating.Different simulation method was used to analyze the heat transfer process in the tunnel and the surrounding rock.The existing simulation method usually takes a long time for calculation and can not be used for a real-time regulation of the system.Based on the concept of thermoelectric analogy,a resistance-capacitance(RC)model was proposed for rapid prediction and analysis on the heat transfer of the capillary net in subway tunnel.The annual thermal response in the tunnel was analyzed,and the influence of the tunnel air temperature and the capillary inlet water temperature was examined using this model.The maximum heat transfer flux of the capillary in summer(release heat)and in winter(extract heat)was 55.27 W/m 2 and 38.33 W/m 2,respectively.The effect of capillary inlet water temperature was more remarkable than that of the tunnel air temperature on the capillary heat exchange process.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4002103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279107)。
文摘Extensive usage of highly conductive carbon materials with large specific surface area(e.g.,carbon nanotubes,CNTs)in lithium ion batteries(LIBs),especially as current collector of anodes,suffers from low initial coulombic efficiency(ICE),large interfacial resistance,and severe embrittlement,as the large specific surface area often results in severe interfacial decomposition of the electrolyte and the formation of thick and fluffy solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)during cycling of LIBs.Herein,we demonstrate that when the CNT-based current collector and Na foil(which are being stacked intimately upon each other)are being placed in Na+-based organic electrolyte,local redox reaction between the Na foil and the electrolyte would occur spontaneously,generating a thin and homogeneous NaF-based passivating layer on the CNTs.More importantly,we found that owing to the weak solvation behaviors of Na+in the organic electrolyte,the resulting passivation layer,which is rich in NaF,is thin and dense;when used as the anode current collector in LIBs,the pre-existing passivating layer can function effectively in isolating the anode from the solvated Li+,thus suppressing the formation of bulky SEI and the destructive intercalation of solvated Li+.The relevant half-cell(graphite as anode)exhibits a high ICE of 92.1%;the relevant pouch cell with thus passivated CNT film as current collectors for both electrodes(LiCoO_(2)as cathode,graphite as anode)displays a high energy density of 255 Wh kg^(-1),spelling an increase of 50%compared with that using the conventional metal current collectors.
基金the UK’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)funding of Future Metrology Hub(Ref.:EP/P006930/1)the UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council(STFC)Innovation Partnership Scheme(IPS)project under Grant Agreement No.ST/V001280/1the European Union’s Horizon 2020research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No.767589。
文摘Freeform optics has become the most prominent element of the optics industry. Advanced freeform optical designs supplementary to ultra-precision manufacturing and metrology techniques have upgraded the lifestyle, thinking, and observing power of existing humans.Imaginations related to space explorations, portability, accessibility have also witnessed sensible in today’s time with freeform optics. Present-day design methods and fabrications techniques applicable in the development of freeform optics and the market requirements are focussed and explained with the help of traditional and non-traditional optical applications. Over the years,significant research is performed in the emerging field of freeform optics, but no standards are established yet in terms of tolerances and definitions. We critically review the optical design methods for freeform optics considering the image forming and non-image forming applications. Numerous subtractive manufacturing technologies including figure correction methods and metrology have been developed to fabricate extreme modern freeform optics to satisfy the demands of various applications such as space, astronomy, earth science, defence,biomedical, material processing, surveillance, and many more. We described a variety of advanced technologies in manufacturing and metrology for novel freeform optics. Next, we also covered the manufacturing-oriented design scheme for advanced optics. We conclude this review with an outlook on the future of freeform optics design, manufacturing and metrology.
文摘为了让人们的生活更加便利,随时都可以购买到自己需要的商品,本系统使用ASP.NET、Visual Studio 2013和SQL Server 2014数据库等技术,设计开发了具有用户注册、登录、个人信息修改、图书信息管理、购物车管理、订单管理、销售查询等功能的网上书店系统.为了使页面构造简洁,所以其中网页设计基本都是使用ASP.NET中的各种控件设计实现的.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2018YFA0702900)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51975096)+1 种基金Science Challenge Project (No. TZ2018006-0101-01)Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program (No. XLYC1807230)。
文摘Fine finishing of tungsten alloy is required to improve the surface quality of molds and precision instruments. Nevertheless, it is difficult to obtain high-quality surfaces as a result of grain boundary steps attributed to differences in properties of two-phase microstructures. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation on chemical mechanical polishing of W–Ni–Fe alloy. The mechanism of the boundary step generation is illustrated and a model of grain boundary step formation is proposed. The mechanism reveals the effects of mechanical and chemical actions in both surface roughness and material removal. The model was verified by the experiments and the results show that appropriately balancing the mechanical and chemical effects restrains the generation of boundary steps and leads to a fine surface quality with a high removal rate by citric acid-based slurry.
基金the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(No.52108079).
文摘The subway operation generates a large amount of waste heat,which will lead to a disruption of the underground thermal balance.To remove the heat,a ground source heat pump system adopting capillary net as the front-end heat exchanger can be built in the tunnels to recycle the waste heat and use it for building heating.Different simulation method was used to analyze the heat transfer process in the tunnel and the surrounding rock.The existing simulation method usually takes a long time for calculation and can not be used for a real-time regulation of the system.Based on the concept of thermoelectric analogy,a resistance-capacitance(RC)model was proposed for rapid prediction and analysis on the heat transfer of the capillary net in subway tunnel.The annual thermal response in the tunnel was analyzed,and the influence of the tunnel air temperature and the capillary inlet water temperature was examined using this model.The maximum heat transfer flux of the capillary in summer(release heat)and in winter(extract heat)was 55.27 W/m 2 and 38.33 W/m 2,respectively.The effect of capillary inlet water temperature was more remarkable than that of the tunnel air temperature on the capillary heat exchange process.