Crohn’s disease(CD)is a complex and relapsing gastrointestinal disease with mesenteric alterations.The mesenteric neural,vascular,and endocrine systems actively take part in the gut dysbiosis-adaptive immunity-mesent...Crohn’s disease(CD)is a complex and relapsing gastrointestinal disease with mesenteric alterations.The mesenteric neural,vascular,and endocrine systems actively take part in the gut dysbiosis-adaptive immunity-mesentery-body axis,and this axis has been proven to be bidirectional.The abnormalities of morphology and function of the mesenteric component are associated with intestinal inflammation and disease progress of CD via responses to afferent signals,neuropeptides,lymphatic drainage,adipokines,and functional cytokines.The hypertrophy of mesenteric adipose tissue plays important roles in the pathogenesis of CD by secreting large amounts of adipokines and representing a rich source of proinflammatory or profibrotic cytokines.The vascular alteration,including angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis,is concomitant in the disease course of CD.Of note,the enlarged and obstructed lymphatic vessels,which have been described in CD patients,are likely related to the early onset submucosa edema and being a cause of CD.The function of mesenteric lymphatics is influenced by endocrine of mesenteric nerves and adipocytes.Meanwhile,the structure of the mesenteric lymphatic vessels in hypertrophic mesenteric adipose tissue is mispatterned and ruptured,which can lead to lymph leakage.Leaky lymph factors can in turn stimulate adipose tissue to proliferate and effectively elicit an immune response.The identification of the role of mesentery and the crosstalk between mesenteric tissues in intestinal inflammation may shed light on understanding the underlying mechanism of CD and help explore new therapeutic targets.展开更多
Lateral roots are important to plants for the uptake of nutrients and water. Several members of the Aux/IAA family have been shown to play crucial roles in lateral root development. Here, a member of the rice Aux/IAA ...Lateral roots are important to plants for the uptake of nutrients and water. Several members of the Aux/IAA family have been shown to play crucial roles in lateral root development. Here, a member of the rice Aux/IAA family genes, OslAA 11 （LOC_Os03g43400）, was isolated from a rice mutant defective in lateral root development. The gain-of-function mutation in OslAAll strictly blocks the initiation of lateral root primordia, but it does not affect crown root development. The expression of OslAAll is defined in root tips, lateral root caps, steles, and lateral root primordia. The auxin reporter DR5-GUS （^-glucuronidase） was expressed at lower levels in the mutant than in wild-type, indicating that OslAAll is involved in auxin signaling in root caps. The transcript abundance of both OsPINlb and OsPIN10a was diminished in root tips of the Osiaa 11 mutant. Taken together, the results indicate that the gain-of-function mutation in OslAA 11 caused the inhibition of lateral root development in rice.展开更多
文摘Crohn’s disease(CD)is a complex and relapsing gastrointestinal disease with mesenteric alterations.The mesenteric neural,vascular,and endocrine systems actively take part in the gut dysbiosis-adaptive immunity-mesentery-body axis,and this axis has been proven to be bidirectional.The abnormalities of morphology and function of the mesenteric component are associated with intestinal inflammation and disease progress of CD via responses to afferent signals,neuropeptides,lymphatic drainage,adipokines,and functional cytokines.The hypertrophy of mesenteric adipose tissue plays important roles in the pathogenesis of CD by secreting large amounts of adipokines and representing a rich source of proinflammatory or profibrotic cytokines.The vascular alteration,including angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis,is concomitant in the disease course of CD.Of note,the enlarged and obstructed lymphatic vessels,which have been described in CD patients,are likely related to the early onset submucosa edema and being a cause of CD.The function of mesenteric lymphatics is influenced by endocrine of mesenteric nerves and adipocytes.Meanwhile,the structure of the mesenteric lymphatic vessels in hypertrophic mesenteric adipose tissue is mispatterned and ruptured,which can lead to lymph leakage.Leaky lymph factors can in turn stimulate adipose tissue to proliferate and effectively elicit an immune response.The identification of the role of mesentery and the crosstalk between mesenteric tissues in intestinal inflammation may shed light on understanding the underlying mechanism of CD and help explore new therapeutic targets.
文摘Lateral roots are important to plants for the uptake of nutrients and water. Several members of the Aux/IAA family have been shown to play crucial roles in lateral root development. Here, a member of the rice Aux/IAA family genes, OslAA 11 （LOC_Os03g43400）, was isolated from a rice mutant defective in lateral root development. The gain-of-function mutation in OslAAll strictly blocks the initiation of lateral root primordia, but it does not affect crown root development. The expression of OslAAll is defined in root tips, lateral root caps, steles, and lateral root primordia. The auxin reporter DR5-GUS （^-glucuronidase） was expressed at lower levels in the mutant than in wild-type, indicating that OslAAll is involved in auxin signaling in root caps. The transcript abundance of both OsPINlb and OsPIN10a was diminished in root tips of the Osiaa 11 mutant. Taken together, the results indicate that the gain-of-function mutation in OslAA 11 caused the inhibition of lateral root development in rice.
