Mitophagy in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis

Mitochondria are critical cellular energy resources and are central to the life of the neuron.Mitophagy selectively clears damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria through autophagic machinery to maintain mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis.Mature neurons are postmitotic and consume substantial energy,thus require highly efficient mitophagy pathways to turn over damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria.Recent evidence indicates that mitophagy is pivotal to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases.However,more work is needed to study mitophagy pathway components as potential therapeutic targets.In this review,we briefly discuss the characteristics of nonselective autophagy and selective autophagy,including ERphagy,aggrephagy,and mitophagy.We then introduce the mechanisms of Parkin-dependent and Parkin-independent mitophagy pathways under physiological conditions.Next,we summarize the diverse repertoire of mitochondrial membrane receptors and phospholipids that mediate mitophagy.Importantly,we review the critical role of mitophagy in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Last,we discuss recent studies considering mitophagy as a potential therapeutic target for treating neurodegenerative diseases.Together,our review may provide novel views to better understand the roles of mitophagy in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.

MIDNet:Deblurring Network for Material Microstructure Images

Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)is a crucial tool in the field of materials science,providing valuable insightsinto the microstructural characteristics of materials.Unfortunately,SEM images often suffer from blurrinesscaused by improper hardware calibration or imaging automation errors,which present challenges in analyzingand interpretingmaterial characteristics.Consequently,rectifying the blurring of these images assumes paramountsignificance to enable subsequent analysis.To address this issue,we introduce a Material Images DeblurringNetwork(MIDNet)built upon the foundation of the Nonlinear Activation Free Network(NAFNet).MIDNetis meticulously tailored to address the blurring in images capturing the microstructure of materials.The keycontributions include enhancing the NAFNet architecture for better feature extraction and representation,integratinga novel soft attention mechanism to uncover important correlations between encoder and decoder,andintroducing newmulti-loss functions to improve training effectiveness and overallmodel performance.We conducta comprehensive set of experiments utilizing the material blurry dataset and compare them to several state-of-theartdeblurring methods.The experimental results demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of MIDNet in thedomain of deblurring material microstructure images,with a PSNR(Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio)reaching 35.26 dBand an SSIM(Structural Similarity)of 0.946.Our dataset is available at:https://github.com/woshigui/MIDNet.

Omics for deciphering oral microecology

The human oral microbiome harbors one of the most diverse microbial communities in the human body,playing critical roles in oral and systemic health.Recent technological innovations are propelling the characterization and manipulation of oral microbiota.High-throughput sequencing enables comprehensive taxonomic and functional profiling of oral microbiomes.New long-read platforms improve genome assembly from complex samples.Single-cell genomics provides insights into uncultured taxa.Advanced imaging modalities including fluorescence,mass spectrometry,and Raman spectroscopy have enabled the visualization of the spatial organization and interactions of oral microbes with increasing resolution.Fluorescence techniques link phylogenetic identity with localization.Mass spectrometry imaging reveals metabolic niches and activities while Raman spectroscopy generates rapid biomolecular fingerprints for classification.Culturomics facilitates the isolation and cultivation of novel fastidious oral taxa using high-throughput approaches.Ongoing integration of these technologies holds the promise of transforming our understanding of oral microbiome assembly,gene expression,metabolites,microenvironments,virulence mechanisms,and microbe-host interfaces in the context of health and disease.However,significant knowledge gaps persist regarding community origins,developmental trajectories,homeostasis versus dysbiosis triggers,functional biomarkers,and strategies to deliberately reshape the oral microbiome for therapeutic benefit.The convergence of sequencing,imaging,cultureomics,synthetic systems,and biomimetic models will provide unprecedented insights into the oral microbiome and offer opportunities to predict,prevent,diagnose,and treat associated oral diseases.

Protective Graphite Coating for Two-Dimensional Carbon/Carbon Composites

Two-dimensional carbon/carbon(2D C/C)composites are a special class of carbon/carbon composites,generally obtained by combining resin-impregnated carbon fiber clothes,which are then cured and carbonized.This study deals with the preparation of a protective coating for these materials.This coating,based on graphite,was prepared by the slurry method.The effect of graphite and phenolic resin powders with different weight ratios was examined.The results have shown that the coating slurry can fill the pores and cracks of the composite surface,thereby densifying the surface layer of the material.With the increase of the graphite powder/phenolic resin weight ratio,the coating density is enhanced while the coating surface flatness decreases;moreover,the protective ability of coating against erosion first increases(from 1:3 to 2:2)and then decreases(from 2:2 to 3:1).When the weight ratio is about 1:1,the coating for 2D C/C composites exhibits the best erosion resistance,which greatly aids these materials during gas quenching.In this case,the erosion rate is decreased by approximately 41.5%at the impact angle of 30°and 52.3%at normal impact,respectively.This can be attributed to the ability of the coating slurry to infiltrate into the substrate,thereby bonding the fibers together and increasing the compactness of the 2D C/C composites.

Bayesian estimator of human error probability based on human performance data

A Bayesian method for estimating human error probability（HEP） is presented.The main idea of the method is incorporating human performance data into the HEP estimation process.By integrating human performance data and prior information about human performance together,a more accurate and specific HEP estimation can be achieved.For the time-unrelated task without rigorous time restriction,the HEP estimated by the common-used human reliability analysis（HRA） methods or expert judgments is collected as the source of prior information.And for the time-related task with rigorous time restriction,the human error is expressed as non-response making.Therefore,HEP is the time curve of non-response probability（NRP）.The prior information is collected from system safety and reliability specifications or by expert judgments.The（joint） posterior distribution of HEP or NRP-related parameter（s） is constructed after prior information has been collected.Based on the posterior distribution,the point or interval estimation of HEP/NRP is obtained.Two illustrative examples are introduced to demonstrate the practicality of the aforementioned approach.

Acidic Magnetic Biocarbon-Enabled Upgrading of Biomass-Based Hexanedione into Pyrroles

Sustainable acquisition of bioactive compounds from biomass-based platform molecules is a green alternative for existing CO_(2)-emitting fossil-fuel technologies.Herein,a core–shell magnetic biocarbon catalyst functionalized with sulfonic acid(Fe3O4@SiO_(2)@chitosan-SO_(3)H,MBC-SO_(3)H)was prepared to be efficient for the synthesis of various N-substituted pyrroles(up to 99% yield)from bio-based hexanedione and amines under mild conditions.The abundance of Bronsted acid sites in the MBC-SO_(3)H ensured smooth condensation of 2,5-hexanedione with a variety of amines to produce N-substituted pyrroles.The reaction was illustrated to follow the conventional Pall-Knorr coupling pathway,which includes three cascade reaction steps:amination,loop closure and dehydration.The prepared MBC-SO_(3)H catalyst could effectively activate 2,5-hexanedione,thus weakening the dependence of the overall conversion process on the amine nucleophilicity.The influence of different factors(e.g.,reaction temperature,time,amount of catalyst,molar ratio of substrates,and solvent type)on the reaction activity and selectivity were investigated comprehensively.Moreover,the MBC-SO_(3)H possessed excellent thermochemical stability,reusability,and easy separation due to the presence of magnetic core-shell structures.Notably,there was no activity attenuation after 5 consecutive catalytic experiments.This work demonstrates a wide range of potential applications of developing functionalized core-shell magnetic materials to construct bioactive backbones from biomass-based platform molecules.

Structure of the brachial plexus root and adjacent regions displayed by ultrasound imaging

Brachial plexuses of 110 healthy volunteers were examined using high resolution color Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasonic characteristics and anatomic variation in the intervertebral foramen, interscalene, supraclavicular and infraclavicular, as well as the axillary brachial plexus were investigated. Results confirmed that the normal brachial plexus on cross section exhibited round or elliptic hypoechoic texture. Longitudinal section imaging showed many parallel linear hypo-moderate echoes, with hypo-echo. The transverse processes of the seventh cervical vertebra, the scalene space, the subclavian artery and the deep cervical artery are important markers in an examination. The display rates for the interscalene, and supraclavicular and axillary brachial plexuses were 100% each, while that for the infraclavicular brachial plexus was 97%. The region where the normal brachial plexus root traversed the intervertebral foramen exhibited a regular hypo-echo. The display rate for the C5-7 nerve roots was 100%, while those for C8 and T1 were 83% and 68%, respectively. A total of 20 of the 110 subjects underwent cervical CT scan. High-frequency ultrasound can clearly display the outline of the transverse processes of the vertebrae, which were consistent with CT results. These results indicate that high-frequency ultrasound provides a new method for observing the morphology of the brachial plexus. The C~ vertebra is a marker for identifying the position of brachial plexus nerve roots.

Catalytic cascade acetylation-alkylation of biofuran to C_(17)diesel precursor enabled by a budget acid-switchable catalyst

Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for the synthesis of value-added chemicals and biofuels.However,one of the biggest challenges for producing high-quality diesel fuels is the lack of sufficient carbon-chain length in biomass derivatives.In this study,a C_(17)diesel precursor 1,1,1-tris(5-methyl-2-f uryl)ethane(TEMF)with a yield of ca.70%was synthesized from the cascade acetylation-hydroxyalkyla tion/alkylation of bio-based 2-methylfuran(MF)with acetic anhydride(AA)catalyzed by acid-treated montmorillonite with enhanced acidity and improved porosity.The catalytic mechanism of the cascade reaction process was investigated over different types of acid species(Br?nsted acid and Lewis acid),and the influence of in situ formed acetic acid was also examined.A synergistic effect was observed to enable the synthesis of TEMF from the trimerization of MF with AA,in which Lewis acid and weak Br?nsted acid species mainly catalyze the acetylation and hydroxyalkylation processes,while the subsequent alkylation step is mainly catalyzed by strong Br?nsted acid.

Unprecedented synthesis of chiral calix[4](aza)crowns and its potent encapsulating methanol

Unprecedented synthesis of chiral (aza)crown ethers of calix[4]arene derivatives bearing a carboxyl amide bridge was described. The synthesis proceeds through condensation of the corresponding dinitriles with optically active 1,2-aminoalcohols, and is catalyzed by the ZnCl2 Lewis acid at elevated temperature in a very efficient one-pot process. The cavity of calix[4](aza)crowns can encapsulate methanol molecules by O-H⋯п interaction, which has been confirmed by X-ray crystal structures and ESI-MS.

Learning Invariance Preserving Moment Closure Model for Boltzmann-BGK Equation

As one of the main governing equations in kinetic theory,the Boltzmann equation is widely utilized in aerospace,microscopic flow,etc.Its high-resolution simulation is crucial in these related areas.However,due to the high dimensionality of the Boltzmann equation,high-resolution simulations are often difficult to achieve numerically.The moment method which was first proposed in Grad(Commun Pure Appl Math 2(4):331-407,1949)is among the popular numerical methods to achieve efficient high-resolution simulations.We can derive the governing equations in the moment method by taking moments on both sides of the Boltzmann equation,which effectively reduces the dimensionality of the problem.However,one of themain challenges is that it leads to an unclosed moment system,and closure is needed to obtain a closedmoment system.It is truly an art in designing closures for moment systems and has been a significant research field in kinetic theory.Other than the traditional human designs of closures,the machine learning-based approach has attracted much attention lately in Han et al.(Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(44):21983-21991,2019)and Huang et al.(J Non-Equilib Thermodyn 46(4):355-370,2021).In this work,we propose a machine learning-based method to derive a moment closure model for the Boltzmann-BGK equation.In particular,the closure relation is approximated by a carefully designed deep neural network that possesses desirable physical invariances,i.e.,the Galilean invariance,reflecting invariance,and scaling invariance,inherited from the original Boltzmann-BGK equation and playing an important role in the correct simulation of the Boltzmann equation.Numerical simulations on the 1D-1D examples including the smooth and discontinuous initial condition problems,Sod shock tube problem,the shock structure problems,and the 1D-3D examples including the smooth and discontinuous problems demonstrate satisfactory numerical performances of the proposed invariance preserving neural closure method.

Nd∶YAG激光治疗白内障术后囊袋收缩综合征

目的:探讨白内障超声乳化术后囊袋收缩综合征(CCS)患者临床特征及实施Nd∶YAG激光治疗的临床疗效,为白内障术后并发症的预防和治疗提供参考。方法:回顾性病例对照研究。选择2017年1月至2019年6月温州医科大学附属苍南医院眼科门诊收治的23例(25眼)白内障超声乳化术后有症状的CCS患者行Nd∶YAG激光治疗,并收集相关临床资料,总结患者出现CCS的临床特征、影响因素并探究Nd∶YAG激光治疗效果。所有病例均随访6个月及以上。数据采用配对设计符号秩和检验。结果:23例CCS患者均主诉视力较出院时明显下降,裂隙灯显微镜下环行撕囊口不同程度地缩小而且偏心,前囊增生明显,环形增生纤维环宽度>2 mm。散瞳后见IOL偏中心者19眼,IOL倾斜者3眼,IOL囊袋内夹持者1眼。13眼发生在白内障超声乳化术后3~5周,占52%。患者的基础疾病情况是并发CCS重要的影响因素。除3例IOL倾斜者(2例视网膜色素变性和1例高龄患者因悬韧带松弛导致的脱位)和1例夹持患者激光前囊切开后视力提高不明显外,所有患者视力均提高。治疗前主诉伴眩光或单眼复视者,治疗后上述主观症状消失。Nd∶YAG激光前囊切开术后前囊口收缩环均被打开,囊袋收缩缓解,随访期内无人工晶状体偏移及脱位,无严重并发症。结论:Nd∶YAG激光治疗CCS疗效可靠,简便安全。

A Fluorescent Chemosensor for Al3＋ Based on C=O Isomerization Derivated from Curcumin

A simple and nontoxic fluorescent chemosensor of di-O-methyl curcumin has been prepared from curcumin. The sensor exhibited selective and sensitive fluorescent responses toward A13＋ over a wide range of metal ions, such as Mn2＋, Ce3＋, Pt2＋, Sn4＋, Hg＋, Sb3＋, K＋, Ca2＋, Mg2＋, Ba2＋, Cu2＋＇ Ni2＋＇ Na＋＇ NH4＋＇ Ag＋＇ Pb2＋＇ Zn2＋＇ Fee＋＇ Fe3＋, Hg2＋ and Cr3＋ in ethanol/water. The free ligand showed quite weak fluorescence emission due to the isom- erization of C=O double bond in the excited state, however, after addition of Al3＋, fluorescence emission results in a prominent fluorescence enhancement.