All-optical controlled-NOT logic gate achieving directional asymmetric transmission based on metasurface doublet

Optical logic gates play important roles in all-optical logic circuits,which lie at the heart of the next-generation optical computing technology.However,the intrinsic contradiction between compactness and robustness hinders the development in this field.Here,we propose a simple design principle that can possess multiple-input-output states according to the incident circular polarization and direction based on the metasurface doublet,which enables controlled-NOT logic gates in infrared region.Therefore,the directional asymmetric electromagnetic transmission can be achieved.As a proof of concept,a spin-dependent Janus metasurface is designed and experimentally verified that four distinct images corresponding to four input states can be captured in the far-field.In addition,since the design method is derived from geometric optics,it can be easily applied to other spectra.We believe that the proposed metasurface doublet may empower many potential applications in chiral imaging,chiroptical spectroscopy and optical computing.

Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin ameliorates aging-impaired endogenous tendon regeneration by rejuvenating senescent tendon stem/progenitor cells

Adult tendon stem/progenitor cells(TSPCs)are essential for tendon maintenance,regeneration,and repair,yet they become susceptible to senescence with age,impairing the self-healing capacity of tendons.In this study,we employ a recently developed deep-learning-based efficacy prediction system to screen potential stemness-promoting and senescence-inhibiting drugs from natural products using the transcriptional signatures of stemness.The top-ranked candidate,prim-O-glucosylcimifugin(POG),a saposhnikovia root extract,could ameliorate TPSC senescent phenotypes caused by long-term passage and natural aging in rats and humans,as well as restore the self-renewal and proliferative capacities and tenogenic potential of aged TSPCs.In vivo,the systematic administration of POG or the local delivery of POG nanoparticles functionally rescued endogenous tendon regeneration and repair in aged rats to levels similar to those of normal animals.Mechanistically,POG protects TSPCs against functional impairment during both passage-induced and natural aging by simultaneously suppressing nuclear factor-κB and decreasing mTOR signaling with the induction of autophagy.Thus,the strategy of pharmacological intervention with the deep learning-predicted compound POG could rejuvenate aged TSPCs and improve the regenerative capacity of aged tendons.

具有热稳定性的锂离子电池隔膜材料研究进展

近年来,锂离子电池(LIBs)广泛用于电动汽车、便携式电子设备等储能系统,但是,在电池工作中频繁发生的热失控现象严重影响了使用电池的安全性。因此,开发具有热稳定性的锂离子电池隔膜材料势在必行。文中综述分析了目前商用聚烯烃隔膜的特点及缺陷,分别从聚烯烃隔膜的表面改性、新型的高耐热聚合物隔膜的开发与改性、赋予隔膜热关断性能等方面探究了提高锂电池隔膜的热稳定性方法,并提出了该研究方向的关键挑战和前景。

Reduced irreversible capacities of graphene oxide-based anodes used for lithium ion batteries via alkali treatment

The large irreversible capacities of graphene oxide-based anodes hinder commercial applications of GO materials although the high specific capacity of it has been universally accepted. In this paper, GO was treated under alkaline condition and the composite consisting of the modified GO and graphite was used as anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), resulting in an improved initial coulombic efficiency. Electrochemical tests also showed that the modified GO/graphite electrode possessed 86.0% of initial coulombic efficiency, which was 15% higher than that of pristine GO/graphite electrode. The species and the content of functional groups were investigated via XPS, FTIR characterizations in detail, which certified that the ring-opening reaction of epoxides under alkaline condition could greatly reduce the irreversible capacity of GO/graphite anode, in addition, the reversible capacity was guaranteed at the same time. This modified GO/graphite electrodes in the LIBs exhibit superior rate capability and long cycle life. The uniqueness of this electrode lied in its chemical stability, which benefits from the transition of epoxide group and unstable functional groups removal.

Biomarkers of aging

Aging biomarkers are a combination of biological parameters to(i)assess age-related changes,(ii)track the physiological aging process,and(iii)predict the transition into a pathological status.Although a broad spectrum of aging biomarkers has been developed,their potential uses and limitations remain poorly characterized.An immediate goal of biomarkers is to help us answer the following three fundamental questions in aging research:How old are we?Why do we get old?And how can we age slower?This review aims to address this need.Here,we summarize our current knowledge of biomarkers developed for cellular,organ,and organismal levels of aging,comprising six pillars:physiological characteristics,medical imaging,histological features,cellular alterations,molecular changes,and secretory factors.To fulfill all these requisites,we propose that aging biomarkers should qualify for being specific,systemic,and clinically relevant.

Drug development accelerated by artificial intelligence

The development of biopharmaceuticals,driven by advances in molecular cell biology,has accelerated in the past few decades.However,this development presents a paradox,namely,that highly developed biotechnology has led to lower success rates in clinical trials and higher costs in developing individual drugs.This huge obstacle has made drug development the exclusive privilege of large companies and has limited opportunities for small companies to develop advanced drugs.There is also a huge difference between developed and developing countries in terms of their capacity for pharmaceutical research and development(R&D),and high barriers limit the development of innovative drugs in developing countries.

The artificial intelligence pharma era after“Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer”

The era of advanced artificial intelligence has arrived with the development of chatbots like ChatGPT(Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer).As described by Ouyang et al.(2022),ChatGPT demonstrates an impressive ability to generate human-like responses and solve practical problems,surpassing original expectations for its capabilities.The rapid release and adoption of ChatGPT signals a new phase in AI development,powered by large language models that can be fine-tuned through human feedback.However,risks remain regarding how such powerful models may be misused.Further research is needed to ensure safe and ethical deployment of these transformative technologies.

The landscape of aging

Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological integrity,leading to impaired functional ability and ultimately increased susceptibility to death.It is a major risk factor for chronic human diseases,including cardiovascular disease,diabetes,neurological degeneration,and cancer.Therefore,the growing emphasis on “healthy aging” raises a series of important questions in life and social sciences.In recent years,there has been unprecedented progress in aging research,particularly the discovery that the rate of aging is at least partly controlled by evolutionarily conserved genetic pathways and biological processes.In an attempt to bring full-fledged understanding to both the aging process and age-associated diseases,we review the descriptive,conceptual,and interventive aspects of the landscape of aging composed of a number of layers at the cellular,tissue,organ,organ system,and organismal levels.