科教融合背景下高校机械电子工程专业教学体系改革策略研究

随着信息技术和工程技术的快速发展,机械电子工程专业的教学体系也需要与时俱进,以培养适应新时代需求的高素质人才。在科教融合背景下对高校机械电子工程专业教学体系进行改革,能够更好地促进学科间的交叉融合和知识创新,提高学生的综合素质和创新能力。因而研究科教融合背景下高校机械电子工程专业教学体系改革策略有重要的意义。对此,通过分析科教融合对高校机械电子工程专业教学体系的影响,在此基础上探究科教融合背景下高校机械电子工程专业教学体系改革的策略,以期提升机械电子工程专业学生的学习水平。

A Mendelian randomisation,propensity score matching study to investigate causal association between serum homocysteine and intracranial aneurysm

Background and purpose Recent observational studies have reported that serum total homocysteine(tHcy)is associated with intracranial aneurysms(IAs).However,the causal effect of tHcy on IAs is unknown.We leveraged large-scale genetic association and real-world data to investigate the causal effect of tHcy on IA formation.Methods We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomisation(MR)using publicly available genome-wide association studies summary statistics to investigate the causal relationship between tHcy and IAs,following the recommendations of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-MR statement.Furthermore,a propensity score matching(PSM)analysis was conducted to evaluate the detailed effects of tHcy on risk of IA formation by utilizing real-world multicentre data,including 9902 patients with and without IAs(1:1 matched).Further interaction and subgroup analyses were performed to elucidate how tHcy affects risk of IA formation.Results MR analyses indicated that genetically determined tHcy was causally associated with IA risk(OR,1.38,95%CI 1.07 to 1.79;p=0.018).This is consistent with the more conservative weighted median analysis(OR,1.41,95%CI 1.03 to 1.93;p=0.039).Further sensitivity analyses showed no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity of single nucleotide polymorphisms in causal inference.According to the PSM study,we found that,compared with low tHcy(≤15μmol/L),moderate tHcy(>15-30μmol/L)(OR 2.13,95%CI 1.93 to 2.36)and high tHcy(>30μmol/L)(OR 3.66,95%CI 2.71 to 4.95)were associated with a higher IA risk(p trend<0.001).Subgroup analyses demonstrated significant ORs of tHcy in each subgroup when stratified by traditional cardiovascular risk factors.Furthermore,there was also a synergistic effect of tHcy and hypertension on IA risk(p interaction<0.001;the relative excess risk due to interaction=1.65,95%CI 1.29 to 2.01).Conclusion Both large-scale genetic evidence and multicentre real-world data support a causal association between tHcy and risk of IA formation.Serum tHcy may serve as a biomarker to identify high-risk individuals who would particularly benefit from folate supplementation.

Public health implications of Yersinia enterocolitica investigation:an ecological modeling and molecular epidemiology study

Background Yersinia enterocolitica has been sporadically recovered from animals,foods,and human clinical samples in various regions of Ningxia,China.However,the ecological and molecular characteristics of Y.enterocolitica,as well as public health concerns about infection in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,remain unclear.This study aims to analyze the ecological and molecular epidemiological characteristics of Y.enterocolitis in order to inform the public health intervention strategies for the contains of related diseases.Methods A total of 270 samples were collected for isolation[animals(n=208),food(n=49),and patients(n=13)],then suspect colonies were isolated and identified by the API20E biochemical identification system,serological tests,biotyping tests,and 16S rRNA-PCR.Then,we used an ecological epidemiological approach combined with machine learning algorithms(general linear model,random forest model,and eXtreme Gradient Boosting)to explore the associations between ecological factors and the pathogenicity of Y.enterocolitis.Furthermore,average nucleotide identity(ANI)estimation,single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP),and core gene multilocus sequence typing(cgMLST)were applied to characterize the molecular profile of isolates based on whole genome sequencing.The statistical test used single-factor analysis,Chi-square tests,t-tests/ANOVA-tests,Wilcoxon rank-sum tests,and Kruskal–Wallis tests.Results A total of 270 isolates of Yersinia were identified from poultry and livestock(n=191),food(n=49),diarrhoea patients(n=13),rats(n=15),and hamsters(n=2).The detection rates of samples from different hosts were statistically different(χ^(2)=22.636,P<0.001).According to the relatedness clustering results,270 isolates were divided into 12 species,and Y.enterocolitica(n=187)is a predominated species.Pathogenic isolates made up 52.4%(98/187),while non-pathogenic isolates made up 47.6%(89/187).Temperature and precipitation were strongly associated with the pathogenicity of the isolates(P<0.001).The random forest(RF)prediction model showed the best performance.The prediction result shows a high risk of pathogenicity Y.enterocolitica was located in the northern,northwestern,and southern of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.The Y.enterocolitica isolates were classified into 54 sequence types(STs)and 125 cgMLST types(CTs),with 4/O:3 being the dominant bioserotype in Ningxia.The dominant STs and dominant CTs of pathogenic isolates in Ningxia were ST429 and HC100_2571,respectively.Conclusions The data indicated geographical variations in the distribution of STs and CTs of Y.enterocolitica isolates in Ningxia.Our work offered the first evidence that the pathogenicity of isolates was directly related to fluctuations in temperature and precipitation of the environment.CgMLST typing strategies showed that the isolates were transmitted to the population via pigs and food.Therefore,strengthening health surveillance on pig farms in high-risk areas and focusing on testing food of pig origin are optional strategies to prevent disease outbreaks.

Isolation and Screening of Lactic Acid Bacterial Strains with Antibacterial Properties from the Vaginas of Healthy Cows

In the present study, eight strains were isolated from 20 cow vagina samples and identified using phenotype, biochemical analysis, sugar fermentation tests, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Among eight strains, only SQ0048 was identified as Lactobacillus johnsonii based on a series of biochemical testing (including the adhesion test, catalase test, bacteriocin production test, antibacterial test, and pH value), suggesting that its biological activity was superior to the other seven strains. Furthermore, SQ0048 had the lowest pH value (4.32) and the shortest fermentation time (8 h) compared with the other strains. The adhesion rate of SQ0048 was significantly higher than that of Lactobacillus delbrueckii, with an average adhesion number of 304 ± 2.67. The hydrogen peroxide production testing in SQ0048 was positive;in addition, bacteriocin gene of SQ0048, encoding an approximately 10-kDa product, was successfully cloned, expressed, and detected using the SDS-PAGE method. Meanwhile, SQ0048 had a weak inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. However, the expression products of the bacteriocin gene of SQ0048 had a very strong inhibitory effect on S. aureus and E. coli, with inhibition zone sizes of 18 ± 0.45 mm and 15 ± 0.60 mm, respectively. These data showed that SQ0048 has excellent antibacterial properties compared with other isolated strains and is a potential probiotic candidate to improve the health of the vaginas of cows by inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms.

Novel berberine derivatives as adjuvants in the battle against Acinetobacter baumannii: A promising strategy for combating multi-drug resistance

The development of resistance against most of the available antibiotics has made Acinetobacter baumannii(A.baumannii)a pathogen of high risk.In this study,thirty novel berberine derivatives are rationally designed,synthesized,and evaluated for their synergistic antibacterial activities against A.baumannii.Among them,compound 2d shows the most potent synergetic effect to aztreonam against A.baumannii,including carbapenem-resistant and extended-spectrumβ-lactamases-producing strains.Moreover,synergistic effects were observed for the combinations of 2d and different antibacterial used in clinical practices,indicating its potent broad-spectrum antibiotic-sensitizing effects against A.baumannii.The combination of 2d and aztreonam significantly improves the survival rates of G.mellonella larvae compared with aztreonam treatment alone.Mechanism studies indicate that 2d inhibits the drug efflux and iron acquisition of the bacteria by targeting the AdeB transporter protein,thus achieving a synergistic antimicrobial efficacy with different antibacterial agents.Therefore,berberine derivatives represent a new family of antimicrobial adjuvants against A.baumannii,with the advantage of dual-function antibacterial effect,and are worthy of further investigation.

The COVID-19 Vaccines Evaluation Program:Implementation,Management,and Experiences,2021-2023

In 2021,China’s domestically produced coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccines received approval from regulatory bodies and were administered worldwide.Due to a low number of infections within China during that period,it became imperative to evaluate the vaccines’real-world effectiveness through international studies.To facilitate this,China CDC launched the COVID-19 Vaccines Evaluation Program(COVEP).This program formed research collaboration agreements with health institutes across five World Health Organization regions,addressing key questions about vaccine performance through ten cooperative agreements.The findings from COVEP projects reinforced confidence,both domestically and globally,in the effectiveness of the vaccines produced in China.Moreover,the outcomes observed internationally were frequently mirrored by later studies conducted within China.COVEP thus pioneered a novel approach for fostering cross-national research collaborations,addressing significant public health issues and exemplifying a framework for international cooperation.This approach is in line with the strategic objectives and other development efforts of China CDC’s national disease control and prevention initiatives.

A retrospective survey of Brucella melitensis human infection in Hainan Province,China

In China,brucellosis has spread from the northern provinces to the southern coastal area,and Brucella melitensis has become the overwhelmingly dominant species nationwide.Although human Brucellosis cases have been reported in many parts of Hainan Province,investigations into the source of infection have been rare.In this case,we have used the techniques of bacteriology,genome sequencing,and WGS-SNP to investigate the source of infection on a patient with a traveling history between Hainan and Inner Mongolia autonomous regions.We collected a 5mL blood sample under sterile conditions from this suspected case of Brucellosis infection and incubated it in a culture bottle.A week later,Brucella colonies were purified and identified under the standard bacteriology procedures to show that the strain appeared as B.melitensis bv.3.Subsequently,a draft genome sequencing of this strain was obtained.AWGS-SNP comparison analysis of Chinese B.melitensis selected(n=36)fromGenBank revealed that the strain in this studywas more similar to the strains isolated from China's northern parts,especially those from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.These data indicated that the source of infection of the patient was in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,but the actual location where this patient became infected was unclear.We suggest that travelers from the southern part of China be cautious when visiting the traditional endemic areas of Brucellosis.

Linhong Wang,China CDC’s Chief Expert of Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control

Linhong Wang is the Chief Expert of Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease(NCD)Control of China CDC and is a professional with over 30 years of experience in clinical and preventive medical science.Her specialties and professions span multiple fields with extraordinary contributions to public health.Wang graduated from Beijing Medical University in 1983 with her first job out of university as an obstetrician and gynecologist in the Affiliated Hospital of the University.

Liubo Zhang, China CDC’s Chief Expert of Disinfection

Liubo Zhang is the Chief Expert of Disinfection of China CDC and has been devoted to public health and preventive medicine since graduating from Wuhan Medical College in 1983.Over the past 37 years,he has been engaged in many fields such as epidemic control,infectious disease prevention and control,and disinfection and hospital infection control.Especially in the past 20 years,he has made outstanding contributions to these fields.Zhang has participated in the prevention and control of major infectious diseases such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)epidemic and laboratory infections,human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza,hand-foot-mouth disease,influenza A(H1N1),coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),etc.He was responsible for the development of disinfection technical guidelines and on-site guidance for these diseases.

Tao Li,China CDC’s Chief Expert in Occupational Health

If the national college entrance examination had not resumed or if the Chinese policies for talent turnover had not been established,Tao Li might have continued his grassroots occupational health work and might never have joined China CDC.Born in 1957,Tao Li had once worked at a county-level knitting factory in northeastern China for a year before China resumed the college entrance examination.

Qiyong Liu,China CDC’s Chief Expert of Vector Control

Qiyong Liu is a leading expert and scientist for vector surveillance and control and leads national research on health and climate change in China.Qiyong Liu heads the World Health Organization(WHO)Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management(WHOCCVSM)and has been awarded over 20 national and international prestigious grants including the following:National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC),National Programs for Science and Technology Development,Australian Agency for International Development(AusAID),China Prosperity Strategic Programme Fund(SPF),and Wellcome Trust.

Delimiting the boundaries of biotechnological developments by law to promote the healthy development of biotechnol

On July 10,2019 a seminar on legislation of biosafety laws was held in Beijing,chaired by Li Zhanshu,a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.Li Zhanshu emphasized that under the guidance of Xi Jinping’s socialist thought regarding Chinese values in the new era,a biosafety law reflecting these values and the requirements of the new era should be formulated,and the boundaries of biotechnological development should be delineated by law to ensure and promote the healthy development of biotechnology.

Biosafety and biosecurity

With the profound changes in the international security situation,the progression of globalization,and the continuous advancement of biotechnology,the risks and challenges posed by major infectious diseases and bioterrorism to the international community are also increasing.Biosafety,therefore,presents new opportunities for international cooperation and global governance.The world has become more integrated and now shares a common destiny in terms of biosafety.In the face of the current risks and challenges,the international community must work together to avert threats,advance mutual interests,and safeguard global biosecurity.In the context of the current situation regarding biosafety and biosecurity,we conducted the present analysis,and present here some appropriate countermeasures.

Novel pegiviruses infecting wild birds and rodents

Pegivirus(family Flaviviridae)is a genus of small enveloped RNA viruses that mainly causes blood infections in various mammals including human.Herein,we carried out an extensive survey of pegiviruses from a wide range of wild animals mainly sampled in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China.Three novel pegiviruses,namely Passer montanus pegivirus,Leucosticte brandti pegivirus and Montifringilla taczanowskii pegivirus,were identified from different wild birds,and one new rodent pegivirus,namely Phaiomys leucurus pegivirus,was identified from Blyth's vole.Interestingly,the pegiviruses of non-mammalian origin discovered in this study substantially broaden the host range of Pegivirus to avian species.Co-evolutionary analysis showed virus-host co-divergence over long evolutionary timescales,and indicated that pegiviruses largely followed a virus-host co-divergence relationship.Overall,this work extends the biodiversity of the Pegivirus genus to those infecting wild birds and hence revises the host range and evolutionary history of genus Pegivirus.

Quantitative analysis of the impact of various urban socioeconomic indicators on search-engine-based estimation of COVID-19 prevalence

Numerous studies have proposed search engine-based estimation of COVID-19 prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic;however,their estimation models do not consider the impact of various urban socioeconomic indicators(USIs).This study quantitatively analysed the impact of various USIs on search engine-based estimation of COVID-19 prevalence using 15 USIs(including total population,gross regional product(GRP),and population density)from 369 cities in China.The results suggested that 13 USIs affected either the correlation(SC-corr)or time lag(SC-lag)between search engine query volume and new COVID-19 cases(p<0.05).Total population and GRP impacted SC-corr considerably,with their correlation coefficients r for SC-corr being 0.65 and 0.59,respectively.Total population,GRP per capita,and proportion of the population with a high school diploma or higher had simultaneous positive impacts on SC-corr and SC-lag(p<0.05);these three indicators explained 37e50%of the total variation in SC-corr and SC-lag.Estimations for different urban agglomerations revealed that the goodness of fit,R2,for search engine-based estimation was more than 0.6 only when total urban population,GRP per capita,and proportion of the population with a high school diploma or higher exceeded 11.08 million,120,700,and 38.13%,respectively.A greater urban size indicated higher accuracy of search engine-based estimation of COVID-19 prevalence.Therefore,the accuracy and time lag for search engine-based estimation of infectious disease prevalence can be improved only when the total urban population,GRP per capita,and proportion of the population with a high school diploma or higher are greater than the aforementioned thresholds.

COVID-19 is a natural infectious disease

Coronavirus disease 2019 is an infectious disease that has emerged naturally,not accidentally or deliberately.Similarly,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is not a man-made or genetically modified virus.Reverse genetic technology can only be used to produce infectious clones of a known virus.Phylogenetically,the RaTG13 genome sequence recovered from bats is the most closely related viral sequence to SARS-CoV-2;however,the corresponding RaTG13 virus is yet to be isolated or cultured in a laboratory.Therefore,the so-called bat coronavirus RaTG13 could not have been used as a starting strain or“backbone”for genetic modification.Furthermore,it would be impossible to generate SARS-CoV-2 by inserting the furin cleavage site into the bat coron-avirus RaTG13.It is critical for the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 to investigate the animal reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2,and this work is on going.From the prospective of biosafety and biosecurity,outbreaks of infectious diseases can be classified into three types:natural,acci-dental,and deliberate.^(1,2) There is a large body of evidence that COVID-19 is caused by a natural virus.It has no characteristics of an accidental or deliberate infection.^(3)

Yiming Shao, China CDC’s Chief Expert of AIDS

Yiming Shao is China CDC’s Chief Expert of AIDS,the Chairman of the Academic Committee of the National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention(NCAIDS),and the Vice President of the Chinese Microbiology Society(CMS)after chairing the CMS’s Virology Committee(2001–2010).Shao graduated from Qingdao Medical College in 1983 and pursued a PhD at the Institute of Virology in the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.He participated in the diagnosis of China’s first cases of HIV and AIDS,isolated China’s first HIV-1 virus,and developed the initial HIV diagnostic reagents for the country.

Chengye Sun,China CDC’s Chief Expert of Poison Control

In July 1985,Chengye Sun graduated from Henan Medical University and became a physician in a hospital.In 1988,he entered the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medical Sciences for postgraduate studies on occupational medicine,which helped him become a public health professional.The shift from being a clinician to a public health worker helped him realize how external factors could act as strong drivers on human health.

Xiaoping Dong,China CDC’s Chief Expert of Virology

Xiaoping Dong is the Chief Expert of Virology of China CDC,Adjunct Professor at Beijing University and Xi’an Jiaotong University,and Adjunct Principal Investigator(PI)at the Chinese Academy of Science and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.He is a syndic of the Chinese Society of Microbiology and the Head of the Group of Medical Virology.During his roughly 40-year career,he has dedicated himself to the studies of medical virology and molecular biology.

Xu Su,China CDC’s Chief Expert of Radiation Protection

Xu Su is the major leader of radiation protection in China and has been honored and awarded several times,has published more than 280 research papers,and has been the Director of the National Institute for Radiological Protection(NIRP)of China CDC and the Professor and Executive Director of the Chinese Center for Medical Response to Radiation Emergency from 2002 to 2017.