Targeted Sub-Attomole Cancer Biomarker Detection Based on Phase Singularity 2D Nanomaterial-Enhanced Plasmonic Biosensor

Detection of small cancer biomarkers with low molecular weight and a low concentration range has always been challenging yet urgent in many clinical applications such as diagnosing early-stage cancer,monitoring treatment and detecting relapse.Here,a highly enhanced plasmonic biosensor that can overcome this challenge is developed using atomically thin two-dimensional phase change nanomaterial.By precisely engineering the configuration with atomically thin materials,the phase singularity has been successfully achieved with a significantly enhanced lateral position shift effect.Based on our knowledge,it is the first experimental demonstration of a lateral position signal change>340μm at a sensing interface from all optical techniques.With this enhanced plasmonic effect,the detection limit has been experimentally demonstrated to be 10^(-15) mol L^(−1) for TNF-α cancer marker,which has been found in various human diseases including inflammatory diseases and different kinds of cancer.The as-reported novel integration of atomically thin Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5) with plasmonic substrate, which results in a phase singularity and thus a giant lateral position shift, enables the detection of cancer markers with low molecular weight at femtomolar level. These results will definitely hold promising potential in biomedical application and clinical diagnostics.

Logical framework of quality of care in family planning in China:client-centered approach

The year 2018 marks the 40th anniversary of China’s reforms and opening to the world.As an important part of the overall reform effort,reform of the national family planning program,begun in the 1990s as a pilot project focused on quality of care,has achieved historic and significant results.The pilot project,conducted by the State Family Planning Commission of China in a few select areas,was a response to the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo,as well as to a range of social and economic changes in China.To achieve quality of care,the pilot project adopted a client-centered approach to refocus China’s family planning efforts on client needs and rights,informed choice of contraceptives and the provision of better quality services.After nearly 10 years of trials,the successful experiences of the pilot project served as the basis of a family planning program reform rolled out nationwide.This paper uses a logic framework approach to review the main activities,outputs,and impacts of the pilot project.The paper argues that the quality of care project not only developed a model that facilitated reorientation of China’s earlier family planning efforts,but has also provided experiences and lessons that can serve as references for the implementation of“Healthy China 2030”in the future.