Wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm64 derived from wild emmer (Triticum turgidum var.dicoccoides) is tightly linked in repulsion with stripe rust resistance gene Yr5

Stripe rust and powdery mildew are both devastating diseases for durum and common wheat.Pyramiding of genes conferring resistance to one or more diseases in a single cultivar is an important breeding approach to provide broader spectra of resistances in wheat improvement. A new powdery mildew resistance gene originating from wild emmer(Triticum turgidum var.dicoccoides) backcrossed into common wheat(T. aestivum) line WE35 was identified. It conferred an intermediate level of resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici isolate E09 at the seedling stage and a high level of resistance at the adult plant stage. Genetic analysis showed that the powdery mildew resistance in WE35 was controlled by a dominant gene designated Pm64. Bulked segregant analysis(BSA) and molecular mapping indicated that Pm64 was located in chromosome bin 2 BL4-0.50–0.89. Polymorphic markers were developed from the corresponding genomic regions of Chinese Spring wheat and wild emmer accession Zavitan to delimit Pm64 to a 0.55 cM genetic interval between markers WGGBH1364 and WGGBH612, corresponding to a 15 Mb genomic region on Chinese Spring and Zavitan 2 BL, respectively. The genetic linkage map of Pm64 is critical for fine mapping and cloning. Pm64 was completely linked in repulsion with stripe rust resistance gene Yr5. Analysis of a larger segregating population might identify a recombinant line with both genes as a valuable resource in breeding for resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust.

A MITE insertion into the 3′-UTR regulates the transcription of TaHSP16.9 in common wheat

Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements(MITEs) are a type of DNA transposon frequently inserted into promoters, untranslated regions(UTR), introns, or coding sequences of genes. We found a 276-bp tourist-like MITE insertion in the 3′-UTR of a 16.9 k Da small heat shock protein gene(TaH SP16.9-3A) on chromosome 3A of common wheat. Haplotype analysis revealed two haplotypes, s HSP-W(wild type without MITE insertion) and s HSP-M(mutant with MITE insertion), present in wheat germplasm. Both semiquantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed increased transcription levels of TaH SP16.9-3A in s HSP-M compared with those of s HSP-W after heat treatment at 42 °C. It appeared that the MITE insertion into the 3′-UTR enhances the transcription of TaH SP16.9-3A.

Movement Modeling and Control for Robotic Bonnet Polishing

With the increasing demand for high-precision optical components,bonnet polishing technology is increasingly being used in the polishing process of optical components owing to its high removal efficiency and high surface accuracy.However,it is expensive and difficult to implement dedicated bonnet polishing machine tools,and their processing range is limited.This research combines bonnet polishing technology with industrial robot-assisted processing technology to propose a robotic bonnet polishing control model for large-diameter axisymmetric aspherical optical components.Using the transformation relations of the spatial coordinate system,the transformation relations of the workpiece coordinate system,local coordinate system of the polishing point,and tool coordinate system of the bonnet sphere center are established to obtain the bonnet precession polishing motion model.The polishing trajectory of large-diameter axisymmetric aspherical components and the variation in the linkage angle difference were simulated by adding an efficiency-optimal control strategy to the motion model.The robot motion was simulated in Robostudio to verify the correctness of the precession motion model and control algorithm.Lastly,the robotic bonnet polishing system was successfully applied to the polishing process of the optical components.

A 36 Mb terminal deletion of chromosome 2BL is responsible for a wheat semi-dwarf mutation

Reduced plant height is one of the most important traits related to lodging resistance and crop yield. The use of reduced height genes has been one of the main features in breeding modern high-yielding wheat varieties with less lodging. A spontaneous dwarf mutant DD399 was identified in a high yielding, gibberellic acid(GA)-insensitive, lodging-resistant variety Nongda 399(ND399). Significant differences in upper internode lengths between mutant DD399 and wild type ND399 were caused by reduced cell elongation. The plant height of ND399 × DD399 F_(1) hybrids was intermediate between the parents, indicating incomplete dominance or a dose–response effect of a reduced height gene. Plant height showed continuous distribution in the F_(2) population, and segregation distortion was observed among the 2292 F_(2:3) progenies. The reduced height mutation was characterized by Illumina 90 K iSelect SNP genotyping and bulked segregant RNA-Seq(BSR-Seq) analysis of the segregating population. A concentrated cluster of polymorphic SNPs associated with the reduced height phenotype was detected in the distal region of chromosome arm 2 BL. Co-segregation of reduced height phenotype with the clustered markers revealed a 36 Mb terminal deletion of chromosome 2 BL in mutant DD399.

Study on Suitable Producing Areas of Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns by TCMGIS-Ⅱ

Based on database of ecological factors and geographic information space analysis method, we analyzed suitability of Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns producing regions, in the hope of providing reference for scientific zoning and cultivation. Ecological factors we analyzed mainly include temperature, altitude, and soil. Our analysis shows that Hubei, Anhui, Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces are regions that have highest similarity with original producing areas of Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns. This is basically consistent with actual conditions. In addition, we predicted some regions (for example, Gansu) that have not been recorded in literature, which provides scientific and reliable data support for seed introduction and expansion of Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns. Using the GIS-based program for the distribution prediction of traditional Chinese medicine (TCMGIS-II) to analyze suitability of Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns producing regions is scientific and accurate, and will provide important reference for seed introduction, cultivation and scientific zoning of Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns.

金属激光增材+X复合制造技术综述

激光增材制造技术(LAM)为航空航天复杂金属零件提供了极高的设计自由度和制造灵活性,但目前主流LAM技术存在监测与控制难度大、热应力变形与缺陷难处理等关键问题。“增材+X”复合制造技术提供了多尺度解决方案,结合各辅助制造工艺的优点以改善增材成形材料的精度与性能。增材+机械场/磁场/声场/热场等能场可实现调控熔池流动、改善微观组织、控制晶粒尺寸方向、释放残余应力以及改善表面质量等有益效果的协同优化。简要回顾了LAM技术特点及其在航空航天业的典型应用,总结了增减材、增等材制造技术的主要工艺与技术内涵,重点评述了非接触式的磁、声、热辅助场对增材熔池动力学、微观组织发展、表面质量、热梯度的作用机理以及模拟仿真研究。最后总结了各能量场辅助增材制造技术的优势与局限性,展望了金属激光“增材+X”复合制造技术的发展趋势。

稀土掺杂卤化铅钙钛矿的制备、性能与辐射探测器

近年来卤化铅钙钛矿由于优异的半导体特性,在光伏器件、光电探测器等领域展现了优异的性能,成为材料科学的研究热点。稀土元素掺杂卤化铅钙钛矿是改善其性能的一种有效途径。本文从材料制备、掺杂结构与性能、辐射探测器等方面综述了稀土掺杂卤化铅钙钛矿的最新研究进展。稀土掺杂引入了新的发光中心和能级,产生新的发光特性、提高了钙钛矿晶体的结晶度和半导体性能。因此,稀土掺杂可以进一步提高卤化铅钙钛矿辐射探测器的性能。

Sequencing and comparative analyses of Aegilops tauschii chromosome arm 3DS reveal rapid evolution of Triticeae genomes

Bread wheat （Triticum aestivum, AABBDD） is an allohexaploid species derived from two rounds of interspecific hybridizations. A high-quality genome sequence assembly of diploid Aegilops tauschii, the donor of the wheat D genome, will provide a useful platform to study polyploid wheat evolution. A combined approach of BAC pooling and next-generation sequencing technology was employed to sequence the minimum tiling path （MTP） of 3176 BAC clones from the short arm ofAe. tauschii chromosome 3 （At3DS）. The final assembly of 135 super-scaffolds with an N50 of 4.2 Mb was used to build a 247-Mb pseudomolecule with a total of 2222 predicted protein-coding genes. Compared with the orthologous regions of rice, Brachypodium, and sorghum, At3DS contains 38.67% more genes. In comparison to At3DS, the short arm sequence of wheat chromosome 3B （Ta3BS） is 95-Mb large in size, which is primarily due to the expansion of the non-centromeric region, suggesting that transposable element （TE） bursts in Ta3B likely occurred there. Also, the size increase is accompanied by a proportional increase in gene number in Ta3BS. We found that in the sequence of short arm of wheat chromosome 3D （Ta3DS）, there was only less than 0.27% gene loss compared to At3DS. Our study reveals divergent evolution of grass genomes and provides new insights into sequence changes in the polyploid wheat genome.

Reduning Injection prevents carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats by serum and urine metabolomics analysis

Objective:To elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Reduning Injection(RDN)by analyzing the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways of the carrageenan-induced inflammatory model from the overall metabolic level.Methods:Rat inflammatory model was established by carrageenan.UPLC-Q-TOF/MS was used to detect and analyze changes of endogenous metabolites in the serum and urine of carrageenan-induced inflammatory rats.Combined with multivariate analysis and databases analysis,inflammatory-related potential biomarkers were screened and identified to analyze possible metabolic pathways.The reliability and biological significance of these biomarkers was verified by metabolic network analysis and correlation analysis with pharmacodynamic indicators.Results:A total of 16 potential biomarkers were screened and identified by multivariate analysis and metabolite databases,among which 13 species could be adjusted by RDN.The metabolism pathway analysis revealed that histidine metabolism,sphingolipid metabolism,and tyrosine metabolism were greatly disturbed.Their biomarkers involved urocanic acid,sphingosine,and norepinephrine,all of which showed a callback trend after RDN treatment.The three biomarkers had a certain correlation with some known inflammatory-related small molecules(histamine,arachidonic acid,Leukotriene B4,and PGE2)and pharmacodynamic indicators(IL-6,IL-1β,PGE2and TNF-a),which indicated that the selected biomarkers had certain reliability and biological significance.Conclusion:RDN has a good regulation of the metabolic disorder of endogenous components in carrageenan-induced inflammatory rats.And its anti-inflammatory mechanism is mainly related to the regulation of amino acid and lipid metabolism.This research method is conducive to the interpretation of the overall pharmacological mechanism of Chinese medicine.

NOGEA: A Network-oriented Gene Entropy Approach for Dissecting Disease Comorbidity and Drug Repositioning

Rapid development of high-throughput technologies has permitted the identification of an increasing number of disease-associated genes(DAGs),which are important for understanding disease initiation and developing precision therapeutics.However,DAGs often contain large amounts of redundant or false positive information,leading to difficulties in quantifying and prioritizing potential relationships between these DAGs and human diseases.In this study,a networkoriented gene entropy approach(NOGEA)is proposed for accurately inferring master genes that contribute to specific diseases by quantitatively calculating their perturbation abilities on directed disease-specific gene networks.In addition,we confirmed that the master genes identified by NOGEA have a high reliability for predicting disease-specific initiation events and progression risk.Master genes may also be used to extract the underlying information of different diseases,thus revealing mechanisms of disease comorbidity.More importantly,approved therapeutic targets are topologically localized in a small neighborhood of master genes in the interactome network,which provides a new way for predicting drug-disease associations.Through this method,11 old drugs were newly identified and predicted to be effective for treating pancreatic cancer and then validated by in vitro experiments.Collectively,the NOGEA was useful for identifying master genes that control disease initiation and co-occurrence,thus providing a valuable strategy for drug efficacy screening and repositioning.NOGEA codes are publicly available at https://github.com/guozihuaa/NOGEA.

Role of social organization engagement in high-risk groups intervention against HIV/AIDS:a case study from 176 cities of China

Background: A high-risk prevention strategy is an effective way to fight against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The China AIDS Fund for Non-Governmental Organizations (CAFNGO) was established in 2015 to help social organizations intervene to protect high-risk populations in 176 cities. This study aimed to evaluate the role of social organizations in high-risk population interventions against HIV/AIDS.Methods: This study was based on the CAFNGO program from 2016 to 2020. The collected data included the number and types of social organizations participating in high-risk group interventions and the amount of funds obtained by these organizations each year. We explored the factors influencing the number of newly diagnosed AIDS cases using a spatial econometric model. Furthermore, we evaluated the effectiveness of intervention activities by comparing the percentages of the individuals who initially tested positive, and the individuals who took the confirmatory test, as well as those who retested positive and underwent the treatment.Results: Overall, from 2016 to 2020, the number of social organizations involved in interventions to protect HIV/AIDS high-risk populations increased from 441 to 532, and the invested fund increased from $3.98 to $10.58 million. The number of newly diagnosed cases decreased from 9128 to 8546 during the same period. Although the number of cities with overall spatial correlations decreased, the spatial agglomeration effect persisted in the large cities. Citywise, the number of social organizations (direct effect 19.13), the permanent resident population (direct effect 0.12), GDP per capita (direct effect 17.58;indirect effect -15.38), and passenger turnover volume (direct effect 5.50;indirect effect -8.64) were the major factors influencing new positive cases confirmed through the testing interventions performed by the social organizations. The initial positive test rates among high-risk populations were below 5.5%, the retesting rates among those who initially tested positive were above 60%, and the treatment rates among diagnosed cases were above 70%.Conclusions: The spatial effect of social organizations participating in interventions targeting high-risk populations funded by CAFNGO is statistically significant. Nevertheless, despite the achievements of these social organizations in tracking new cases and encouraging treatment, a series of measures should be taken to further optimize the use of CAFNGO. Working data should be updated from social organizations to CAFNGO more frequently by establishing a data monitoring system to help better track newly diagnosed AIDS cases. Multichannel financing should be expanded as well.