真实世界中氯丙嗪超适应证用药合理性分析

目的 基于循证医学评价氯丙嗪超适应证用药合理性,为促进临床合理用药提供参考。方法 抽取2017—2019年《医院处方分析合作项目》中门诊患者使用氯丙嗪的处方,以药品说明书为依据,判断是否为超适应证用药,结合联合用药方案,并依照循证医学证据,综合评价其合理性。结果 共分析氯丙嗪处方9 620张,其中超适应证处方4 388张,超适应证用药发生率为45.61%,联合用药处方中超适应证用药率为20.45%。超适应证主要包括支气管等呼吸道疾病、精神障碍、精神发育迟缓、癫痫、双相情感障碍等。结论 氯丙嗪超适应证用药普遍,部分存在合理性,但仍有用药风险,医疗机构应规范其超适应证用药管理,促进氯丙嗪的临床合理应用。

Nicotinamide overload may play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes

AIM： To investigate whether nicotinamide overload plays a role in type 2 diabetes. METHODS： Nicotinamide metabolic patterns of 14 diabetic and 14 non-diabetic subjects were compared using HPLC. Cumulative effects of nicotinamide and N^1-methylnicotinamide on glucose metabolism, plasma HzO2 levels and tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide （NAD） contents of adult Sprague-Dawley rats were observed. The role of human sweat glands and rat skin in nicotinamide metabolism was investigated using sauna and burn injury, respectively. RESULTS： Diabetic subjects had significantly higher plasma N^1-methylnicotinamide levels 5 h after a 100-mg nicotinamide load than the non-diabetic subjects （0.89 ± 0.13 μmol/L vs 0.6 ± 0.13 μmol/L, P 〈 0.001）. Cumulative doses of nicotinamide （2 g/kg） significantly increased rat plasma Nl-methylnicotinamide concentrations associated with severe insulin resistance, which was mimicked by Nl-methy-Inicotinamide. Moreover, cumulative exposure to N^1- methylnicotinamide （2 g/kg） markedly reduced rat muscle and liver NAD contents and erythrocyte NAD/ NADH ratio, and increased plasma H2O2 levels. Decrease in NAD/NADH ratio and increase in H2O2 generation were also observed in human erythrocytes after exposure to N^1-methylnicotinamide in vitro. Sweating eliminated excessive nicotinamide （5.3-fold increase in sweat nicotinamide concentration 1 h after a 100-mg nicotinamide load）. Skin damage or aldehyde oxidase inhibition with tamoxifen or olanzapine, both being notorious for impairing glucose tolerance, delayed N^1- methylnicotinamide clearance. CONCLUSION： These findings suggest that nicotinamide overload, which induced an increase in plasma N^1- methylnicotinamide, associated with oxidative stress and insulin resistance, plays a role in type 2 diabetes.

高频喷射通气对老年无痛苦纤维支气管镜检血气结果的影响

目的观察高频喷射通气对老年无痛苦纤维支气管镜检患者血气结果的影响。方法102例患者随机均分为两组,观察组喷射频率60次/min,对照组喷射频率25次/min。分别在麻醉前及喷射通气10 min时采股动脉血行血气分析,记录呛咳、呼吸抑制、体动反应和二氧化碳CO2蓄积例数。结果麻醉前及喷射通气10 min后动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)和动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。每组喷射通气10 min后,PaO2、PaCO2和SaO2均明显升高,与麻醉前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组有4例、对照组有7例发生CO2蓄积,但PaCO2<65 mmHg,组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高频喷射通气可以为老年患者纤维支气管镜检查麻醉提供可靠的氧供,但不一定能阻止呼吸抑制等因素引起的CO2蓄积,应引起足够的临床重视。

Surface-clean low-doped PdB/C as superior electrocatalysts toward ethanol oxidation in alkaline media

Developing highly active, low-cost and organic surfactants-free Pd-based catalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction（EOR） is now critically important for direct ethanol fuel cells. Herein, surface-clean low-doped PdB/C catalysts（typically ca. 1.5 at% of B） are successfully prepared in an aqueous condition without adding any organic surfactants. TEM characterization shows that as-prepared low-doped Pd B nanoparticles are evenly distributed on carbon support. Cyclic voltommagrams of as-prepared low-doped PdB/C in 0.5 M NaOH ＋ 1 M C2H5OH indicate that its onset oxidation potential of ethanol is ca. 80-120 mV more negative than that on commercial Pd/C. Meanwhile, the EOR mass activity of our home-made catalysts is up to 4018 m A·mg-1 Pd. Moreover, the durability on low-doped PdB/C catalysts is at most 2 times higher than that on commercial Pd/C. Geometric and electronic effects are adopted to understand the above mentioned enhancement of activity and durability. This work may provide a facile, low-cost and green strategy on preparing electrocatalysts toward EOR in alkaline media.

Predicting various outcomes of post-resuscitation comatose survivors： PRCSs Prognostication Score

Objective To develop a tool capable of early and exactly predicting various outcomes in comatose survivors who restore spontaneous circulation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation （CPR） and validate its performance. Methods Variables that were both readily available and predictive of outcomes were identified by systematically reviewing published literature on resuscitation. A value was assigned to these variables. We used these variables in combination with APACHE II score to devise a multifactorial prediction score system, which we called PRCSs Prognostication Score （PRCSs-PS）. Outcomes in 115 hospitalized comatose survivors after CPR were retrospectively reviewed using PRCSs-PS. Score of patients with different outcomes was compared. The area under the receiver- operating characteristic （ROC） curve was determined to evaluate performance of this tool to identify patients with a poor outcome （CPC4 and 5） and other outcomes （CPC1, 2, and 3）. Results There were differences of PRCSs-PS score among multiple groups with five different outcomes （CPC 1-5）（F=65.91, P=0.000）. Pairwise groups with different CPC were compared： no significant difference was noted between CPC1 and CPC2 （12.41±6.49 vs 17.38±6.91,P=0.092）, but difference between other pairwise CPC groups was statistically significant （CPC2 vs CPC3：17.38±6.91 vs 24.50±5.80, P=0.041, CPC3 vs CPC4：24.50±5.80 vs 32.29±5.24, P=0.006）. The performance of PRCSs-PS to discriminate patients with a poor outcome from patients with other outcomes went as follows： it had 100% sensitivity, 78.6% specificity, and 178.6 diagnostic index at the score cut-off22.5; it had 77.8% sensitivity, 100% specificity and 176.4 diagnostic index at the score cut-off32.5. Score 23 and 33 were two key cut-offpoints. The area under the ROC curve was 0.968, showing excellent discrimination. Conclusions The final outcomes in post-resuscitation comatose survivors can be accurately predicted using PRCSs-PS Score.

花特征对一种雄先熟植物同株异花自交和繁殖成功的影响

通过调节传粉者行为,花显示大小和花序内的花蜜梯度可以改变雄先熟植物同株异花自交的发生,进而影响植物繁殖成功。然而,对此进行验证的研究仍然较少。本研究通过测定自交率、结子数和果实内包含的雄性父本的数量,研究了花显示大小和花蜜梯度及其交互作用对雄先熟植物露蕊乌头(Aconitum gymnandrum)的繁殖影响。研究结果显示,在植株水平上,不管结子数还是自交率均随主花序和侧花序花显示大小的增加而增加,随着花蜜梯度下降加剧而降低。主花序花显示大小对自交率和结子数的影响受到花蜜梯度和侧枝花显示大小的调节。此外,大的主花序花降低了果实中的父本数目。在花水平上,自交率和结子数在不同花部位间存在显著差异,表现为底部花比顶部花具有更低的自交率和更高的结子数。花特征对自交率和结子率的影响在不同花部位之间也存在差异。尽管人工授粉显示自交对繁殖的影响很小,但自然种群中自交率和种子数之间存在负相关关系。这些研究结果表明,同株异花自交引起的繁殖代价和繁殖收益之间的权衡可能决定了花特征的进化。不同部位花之间在自交率和繁殖成功上的差异可能改变了二者之间的权衡关系,进而使得花特征的进化复杂化。

热塑性聚氨酯微孔发泡材料的表观密度与其力学性能的关系

用高压CO2流体通过升温发泡法制备了一系列不同表观密度的热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)微孔发泡材料,探究了TPU发泡材料的表观密度与其力学性能的关系.微孔发泡材料的泡孔结构和表皮结构由扫描电子显微镜表征;不同表观密度材料的力学性能利用万能材料试验机和旋转流变仪表征.研究发现:TPU微孔发泡材料的表观密度主要是由材料皮层厚度占比和泡孔层密度决定的,皮层厚度占比越小和泡孔面积占有率越高,泡沫的表观密度越小;微孔发泡材料在线性应变区的压缩模量E与材料表观密度ρ的关系为:E∝ρ1.7,符合泡沫材料压缩模量与表观密度呈指数关系的基本结论;循环压缩实验中,随微孔发泡材料表观密度减小,损耗百分比增大,残余应变减小;流变实验中,微孔发泡材料的模量随表观密度变化没有明显的变化,阻尼因子tanδ随泡沫表观密度变化不呈单一的规律性.同时,阐明了微孔发泡材料的压缩模量E和损耗百分比随表观密度变化的机理.

Modification mechanism of caking and coking properties of Shenmu subbituminous coal by low-temperature rapid pyrolysis treatment

Shenmu(SM)subbituminous coal without caking property was treated by low-temperature rapid pyrolysis(LTRP)to modify its caking and coking properties.The treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry,vitrinite reflectance,and X-ray diffraction to determine the modification mechanism.Moreover,caking index(G)and coking indices(mechanical strength,coke reactivity,and coke strength after reaction)were employed to evaluate caking and coking properties,respectively.The results showed that SM coal was gradually upgraded with increasing processing temperature.Furthermore,the G values for the treated samples were significantly higher than that for SM coal,and G reached the maximum value at 450℃,implying the modification of caking property and the existence of an optimum temperature(450℃).Additionally,laboratory coking determinations showed that LTRP increased the mechanical strength of coke and coke strength after reaction and decreased coke reactivity when the treated coals were used in the coal blends instead of raw SM coal.Overall,LTRP treatment is effective to improve the caking and coking properties of SM coal.A mechanism was proposed for the modification.Suitable upgrading degree with suitable molecular masses and some releasable hydrogen-rich donor species present within the coal,which dominate the development of caking property,is important.

Catalyst-Free Hydroxytrifluoromethylation of Alkenes UsingIodotrifluoromethane

The importance of CF3-containing molecules in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials intrigues the intense interest in synthetic methodology of these compounds. With a purpose to enrich trifluoromethylation methodology, we carefully examined the substrate scope of hydroxytrifluoromethylation of alkenes using iodotrifluoromethane, and the reaction provided β-trifluoromethyl alcohols in good yields under extremely mild conditions without catalysts. We found that our reaction can be applied to not only styrenes but also various aliphatic alkenes with excellent selectivity;no ketone was detected in most of our cases. Another feature of our discovery is “simple”. The reaction was carried out in air, irradiated by visible light, at room temperature and most importantly no catalyst was needed. A solution of CF3I in DMSO was used as the facile trifluoromethylating reagent, which simplified the utilization of gaseous CF3I. Based on 19F NMR spectroscopy, we observed a halogen bond between CF3I and tertiary amine in this reaction. The interaction may promote single electron transfer by the visible light irradiation.

Factors underlying the association of body mass index with serum ALT in Chinese hypertensive adults without known hepatic diseases

Objective： High body mass index （BMI） is considered as the most important risk factor for elevated serum alanine aminotransferase （ALT） concentration. This study examined an array of factors, including waist circumference （WC） and folate deficiency, which may mediate the association of BMI with serum ALT concentration in Chinese hypertensive adults without known hepatic diseases. Methods： A multicenter, cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 378 patients with mild or moderate hypertension and without known hepatic diseases were recruited from five hospitals in Harbin, Shanghai, Beijing, Xi＇an, and Nanjing. Results： Of the 360 hypertensive patients with complete data in our final analysis, 13.6% had high ALT concentrations （〉40 IU/L）. Factors including BMI, WC, triglycedde level, and folate concentration were associated with ALT concentration in univariate analysis. Consistently higher preva- lence rates of elevated ALT were observed in subjects with lower folate concentrations （≥12 vs. 〈12 nmol/L, 9.9% vs. 17.8%, P=-0.03）, with higher BMI （≥28 vs. 〈28 kg/m2, 21.5% vs. 11.4%, P=-0.02） or higher WC （≥90 vs. 〈90 cm, 18.5% vs. 10.0%, P=-0.02）. However, in multivariate analysis, the association between BMI and ALT concentration disap- peared （P=-0.802 in males and 0.369 in females）, while WC in females （P〈0.001） and folate concentration （P=-0.036 in males and 0.044 in females） remained as significant predictors for ALT concentration. Conclusions： This multicenter study demonstrated that WC and low folate concentration were important factors underlying the association between BMI and ALT concentrations in Chinese hypertensive adults without known hepatic diseases.

Predictive significance of serum inhibin B on testicular haploid gamete retrieval outcomes in nonobstructive azoospermic men

The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of serum inhibin B(INHB)as a predictor of the retrieval outcome of testicular haploid gametes(spermatids and testicular spermatozoa)in nonobstructive azoospermic men.Serum hormone levels,testicular volume,and histological evaluation were performed in 403 Chin ese non obstructive azoospermic men.Testicular haploid gamete was successfully retrieved in 213 of 403 patients(52.85%).The haploid gamete group always had higher INHB levels than the non-haploid gamete group.According to the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis,INHB was a good predictor of testicular haploid gamete retrieval outcome in all patients(sensitivity:77.93%and specificity:91.58%)and patients with normal follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH;sensitivity:88.52%and specificity:70.83%).The area under the ROC curve(AUC)of INHB was similar to that of FSH in all patients or patients with normal FSH.In patients with elevated FSH,INHB was superior to FSH in predicting the presence of haploid gamete(AUC:0.73 vs 0.55,P<0.05),with a sensitivity of 60.00%and a specificity of 80.28%.It con eluded that serum INHB as an effective marker for spermatoge nesis was a sign ificant predictor of testicular haploid gamete retrieval outcomes in nonobstructive azoospermic men.Especially,INHB is superior to FSH in predicting the presenee of haploid gamete in the patients with elevated FSH.

Variation of nectar production in relation to plant characteristics in protandrous Aconitum gymnandrum

Aims Floral nectar plays a vital role in plant reproductive success by attracting pollinators.Nectar traits of a flower can depend directly on plant characteristics other than environmental factors and exhibit extensive flower-and plant-level variations.studies on nectar traits frequently focused on intraplant variation for dichogamous plants,but few have paid attention to both intra-and interplant nectar variations in relation to plant characteristics.revealing within-and among-plant variation and its relative magnitude is important for our understanding of how pollinator-mediated selection can act on nectar traits and evolution of nectar traits.Methods Through investigating protandrous Aconitum gymnandrum populations at the alpine meadows and Wetland Ecosystems research station of lanzhou university,we examined the relationships between nectar production per flower and plant characteristics(e.g.flower position within inflorescences,flo-ral sexual phases,flowering time,inflorescence size and floral attractive traits).Important Findings A.gymnandrum exhibited a declining gradient in the nectar volume along inflorescences,with more nectar in basal flowers than distal ones.Protandrous flowers of A.gymnandrum did not show gender-biased nectar production while the nectar volume varied with differ-ent stages of floral sexual phases.The significant correlation between the first flowering date of individuals and the mean nectar volume per flower was positive in 2013,but became negative in 2014,sug-gesting complex effects of biotic and abiotic factors.The mean nectar volume per flower was not related to inflorescence size(the num-ber of total flowers per plant).Furthermore,nectar production was weakly associated with floral attractive traits(the petal width and the galea height),even if the effect of flowering time of individuals was removed,suggesting that the honesty of floral traits as signals of nec-tar reward for pollinators is not stable in this species.

Plasticity of floral sex allocation within inflorescences of hermaphrodite Aconitum gymnandrum

Aims sex allocation in plants is often plastic,enabling individuals to adjust to variable environments.However,the predicted male-biased sex allocation in response to low resource conditions has rarely been experimentally tested in hermaphroditic plants.in particular,it is unknown whether distal flowers in linear inflorescences show a larger shift to male allocation relative to basal flowers when resources are reduced.in this study,we measure position-depend-ent plasticity of floral sex allocation within racemes of Aconitum gymnandrum in response to reduced resource availability.Methods using a defoliation treatment in the field applied to potted plants from a nested half-sibling design,we examined the effects of the treatment,flower position,family and their interactions.Important Findingsallocation to male function increased with more distal flower posi-tion,while female allocation either did not change with position or declined at the most distal flowers.Defoliation significantly reduced the mass of both the androecium and gynoecium,but not anther number or carpel number.gynoecial mass declined more strongly with defoliation than did androecial mass,resulting in a significant increase in the androecium/gynoecium ratio as predicted by sex allocation theory.Plastic responses of androecium mass and gynoecium mass were affected by flower position,with less mass lost in basal flowers,but similar plastic magnitude in both sexual traits across flower position lead to consistent variation in the androecium/gynoecium ratio along the inflorescence.a sig-nificant treatment*paternal family interaction for the androecium/gynoecium ratio is evidence for additive genetic variation for plastic floral sex allocation,which means that further evolution of alloca-tion can occur.

Covariance of Floral and Vegetative Traits in Four Species of Ranunculaceae:A Comparison between Specialized and Generalized Pollination Systems

Theory predicts that tighter correlation between floral traits and weaker relationship between floral and vegetative traits more likely occur in specialized flowers than generalized flowers, favoring by precise fit with pollinators. However, traits and trait correlations frequently vary under different environments. Through detecting spatiotemporal variation in phenotypic traits （floral organ size and vegetative size） and trait correlations in four Ranunculaceae species, we examined four predictions. Overall, our results supported these predictions to a certain degree. The mean coefficient of variation （CV） of floral traits in two specialized species （Delphinium kamaonense and Aconitum gymnandrum） was marginally significantly lower than that of another two generalized species （Trollius ranunculoides and Anemone obtusiloba）. The two specialized species also showed marginally significantly smaller CV in floral traits than vegetative size across the two species. The absolute mean correlation between floral and vegetative traits, or that between floral traits in species with specialized flowers was not significantly lower, or higher than that in generalized plants, weakly supporting the predictions. Furthermore, we documented a large variation in trait correlations of four species among different seasons and populations. Study of covariance of floral and vegetative traits will benefit from the contrast of results obtained from generalized and specialized pollination systems.

Protective effect of L-carnitine in cyclophosphamide-induced germ cell apoptosis

Cyclophosphamide(CP) is a widely used anti-cancer agent; however, it can also induce serious male infertility. There are currently no effective drugs to alleviate this side-effect. L-Carnitine has been used to treat male infertility, but whether it can be used to protect against CP-induced male infertility is still unclear. This study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of L-carnitine in male infertility induced by CP. CP was used to establish an animal model. After three weeks of treatment, rats were sacrificed and testis and serum were harvested for further evaluation. Testosterone and estrogen levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Testicular injury was examined by hematoxylin and eosin(H & E) staining, and germ-cell apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dU TP nick end labeling(TUNEL). The expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 was examined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR), respectively. Compared with the CP group, L-carnitine significantly increases sperm motility, viability, and testosterone level(P<0.05). Western blot and real-time PCR results showed that L-carnitine treatment can significantly up-regulate the LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression in the CP+L-carnitine group when compared with the control group(P<0.05). In addition, TUNEL-positive cells were also more numerous in the CP group; however, L-carnitine can effectively retard cell apoptosis in the CP+ L-carnitine group. In conclusion, L-carnitine contributes to the inhibition of cell apoptosis and the modulation of autophagy in protecting CP-induced testicular injury. These results suggest the applicability of L-carnitine in the treatment of male infertility.

Recent catalytic syntheses of trifluoromethylthio-containing organic compounds by transition metals,chiral organocatalysts,and photocatalysts

This review summarizes the recent advances in the catalytic syntheses of CFS-containing organic molecules using various nucleophilic or electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagents.C-halogen and C—H bonds in various molecules have been transformed to C—SCFbonds by transition-metal-catalyzed reactions,such as cross-coupling of aryl halides.Enantioselective reactions controlled by chiral metal complexes or chiral organocatalysts have afforded many trifluoromethylthiolated chiral architectures,such as β-ketoesters and oxindoles.Very recently,visible-light-induced photoredox trifluoromethylthiolations have been developed,providing versatile CFS-containing structures efficiently.

A comparison study of existence forms of Fe species in coke for solution loss reaction of carbon

Fe species were loaded by two different loading ways （absorption method and addition method） to investigate their effect on thermal properties of coke. The particulate coke reactivity of coke samples indicated that the added sample showed higher catalytic activity than the adsorbed sample at first, owing to the decreased structure and properties of coke and more catalytic active sites caused by the strong interaction between Fe species and coke. The presence of Fe species in the added sample weakened the microstructure of coke, and the Fe species were easier to be reduced than those in the absorbed sample due to its different existence form in coke. With further increased loading of Fe species, the different existence positions of Fe species caused more decrease in surface active sites in the added sample than in the adsorbed sample, leading to lower catalytic activity of added sample when the total iron content exceeded 1%. The catalytic mechanism implied that there may be a catalytic dominant factor change in the reaction between the catalytic effect of iron species and carbon surface active sites in coke; the catalytic effect of iron species is dominant in the reaction at first, but the catalytic effect of carbon surface active sites is dominant in the reaction with the further increased loading amount of Fe species.

Enantioselective synthesis of 2-amino-3-nitrile-chromenes catalyzed by cinchona alkaloids:A remarkable additive effect

2-Amino-3-nitrile-chromenes with potential antitumor activity were constructed by a novel catalytic system. In combination with a-naphthol, quinine could effectively promote the Michael-cyclization process of malononitrile with functionalized chalcones in high yields and moderate to good enantioselectivity（up to 84% ee）. It is notable that the enantioselectivity could be greatly improved when a-naphthol was employed as additive.

Association between 5α-reductase inhibitors therapy and incidence, cancer-specific mortality,and progression of prostate cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis

5a-reductase inhibitors(5-ARI)are widely employed for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.It has been noted that 5-ARI exhibit the potential to attenuate the risk of prostate cancer,but consistent agreement has not been achieved.Moreover,the effect of 5-ARI on cancer-specific mortality and progression of prostate cancer remains unclear.Therefore,the goal of the current meta-analysis was to elucidate the impact of 5-ARI on the incidence and progression of prostate cancer.We searched for all studies assessing the effect of 5-ARI on risk of prostate cancer in PubMed,Embase,Medline,and Cochrane Library databases.Pooled relative risk(RR)and corresponding 95%confidence intervals(CIs)were accepted to evaluate the association between 5-ARI and the risk of prostate cancer.Synthetic results implied that subjects who accepted 5-ARI compared with the placebo group experienced a distinctly weakened overall incidence of prostate cancer(RR=0.74;95%C l:0.66-0.82;P<0.001).Subgroup analyses further revealed that 5-ARI reduction of the incidence of prostate cancer was limited to low-grade(Gleason score 2-6;RR=0.68;95%C l:0.57-0.81;P<0.001)and intermediate-grade tumors(Gleason score 7;RR=0.81;95%C l:0.67-0.97;P=0.023),but not high-grade tumors(Gleason score>7;RR=1.19;95%Cl:0.98-1.43;P=0.069).The results also showed that 5-ARI treatment did not significantly alter prostate cancer-specific mortality(RR=1.0;95%C l:0.95-1.05;P=0.916).In addition,it was worth noting that 5-ARI treatment acted in a protective role that presented a dramatic benefit to delay the progression of low-risk tumors(RR=0.58;95%C l:0.43-0.78;P<0.001).

Deepwater Hydrocarbon Exploration in China Seas:Yesterday,Today and Tomorrow

Deepwater area has been one of the hottest areas in the global hydrocarbon exploration.However,deepwater hydrocarbon exploration in China started late and mainly concentrated in the South China Sea(SCS) with low level of researches.Although there are some achievements,there are even more challenges.For this reason,this paper reviewed the history of deepwater exploration in China Seas and summarized the current exploration situation.The future directions of deepwater hydrocarbon exploration mainly consist of five aspects:establishing key technology system of complex structure and reservoir seismic acquisition and processing in deepwater areas of SCS,clarifying the development mechanism of high quality source rock and establishing matching assessment technology,studying the formation conditions of favorable reservoir and creating reservoir identification technology,improving accumulation theory of large and medium-sized oil and gas field of deepwater,deepening the researches of petroleum geology conditions of middle and south part of SCS.Simultaneously,the concept of portfolio should be utilized in the exploration process,with economic benefits considered.These understandings will help guiding the future deepwater hydrocarbon exploration in China Seas.