化工原理实验与前沿科研成果相融合的探索

基于化工原理实验教学实践经验,将前沿科研成果融入其中,设定专业特色实验、探究研讨实验、设计原创实验,以期形成丰富的实验资源、特色课程和教材及支撑创新人才的培养。在学生接触到科研实验的同时,能够深化所学的化工原理理论知识,开拓前沿科研学术视野,激励其自主学习,产生浓厚的科研兴趣,提高创新能力。

无机化学实验课程学生成绩考核改革探索

近年来无机化学实验课程内容的更新和教学资源的多维度信息化,使学生课程成绩的评价方式改革显得十分迫切。本文介绍了天津大学无机化学实验课程建设发展概况,阐明了学生成绩评价方式改革的必要性,总结了具体的改革实践措施及效果,归纳了不足之处和未来改进提升计划,为无机化学实验课程教学同行提供借鉴参考。

Gene expression,transcription factor binding and histone modification predict leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity related genes

Leaf adaxial-abaxial(ad-abaxial)polarity is crucial for leaf morphology and function,but the genetic machinery governing this process remains unclear.To uncover critical genes involved in leaf ad-abaxial patterning,we applied a combination of in silico prediction using machine learning(ML)and experimental analysis.A Random Forest model was trained using genes known to influence ad-abaxial polarity as ground truth.Gene expression data from various tissues and conditions as well as promoter regulation data derived from transcription factor chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing(ChIP-seq)was used as input,enabling the prediction of novel ad-abaxial polarity-related genes and additional transcription factors.Parallel to this,available and newly-obtained transcriptome data enabled us to identify genes differentially expressed across leaf ad-abaxial sides.Based on these analyses,we obtained a set of 111 novel genes which are involved in leaf ad-abaxial specialization.To explore implications for vegetable crop breeding,we examined the conservation of expression patterns between Arabidopsis and Brassica rapa using single-cell transcriptomics.The results demonstrated the utility of our computational approach for predicting candidate genes in crop species.Our findings expand the understanding of the genetic networks governing leaf ad-abaxial differentiation in agriculturally important vegetables,enhancing comprehension of natural variation impacting leaf morphology and development,with demonstrable breeding applications.

“五措并举”科教融合实验教学模式促进“专业实验”课程建设

专业内的实验课程在学生实践能力和综合科学素质培养上起到承上启下的作用。将“五措并举”科教融合的实验教学模式应用于“专业实验”课程建设中,从思政教育提实效、教学项目重融合、科研习惯厚基础、教学环节强实践、实验成果促创新等方面进行教学改革。以思政引领为基,科教融合为魂,开发综合型、探究型的实验项目、培养良好的实验习惯、融入研讨式实验过程,提高学生科学素养的同时,促进学生创新意识的启蒙和科技创新能力的培养,有效提升立德树人育人成果。

导电金属有机框架材料在电催化中的成就,挑战和机遇

开发用于各种能量转化过程的新型催化剂对于满足绿色和可持续能源的需求至关重要。由于其具有可调节的晶体结构,显著的化学和物理性质以及稳定性,金属有机骨架(MOFs)已经广泛应用于电化学能量转换领域,比如CO_(2)还原反应、N_(2)还原反应、析氧反应、析氢反应和氧还原反应。更重要的是,MOFs具有可调节的化学环境、孔径和孔隙率,这些性质将促进反应物在多孔网络中的扩散,从而改善其电催化性能。但是,由于高的电荷转移能垒和受限的自由载流子,大多数MOFs展示了差的导电性,阻碍了其多样化应用。在先前的报道中,MOFs常被用作多孔基质来限制纳米颗粒生长或经退火处理作为共掺杂电催化剂。而导电MOFs不仅结合了传统MOFs的优点,还具有电子导电性和高电催化活性,使其无需退火处理就可以通过电子或离子途径实现导电,从而极大提高了电催化性能,这有助于拓宽其在电化学能源领域或其他方面的潜在应用。在一些催化反应中,导电MOFs的催化活性甚至超过了商业化的RuO_(2)催化剂或Pt基催化剂。本文主要总结了构建导电MOFs的机制,并概述了其合成方法,如水/溶剂热合成和界面辅助合成。此外,本文阐述了导电MOFs在电催化应用中的最新研究进展。值得一提的是,导电MOFs的形态和结构可改变底物与MOFs之间的界面接触,从而影响其催化性能,需要进一步深入研究。基于系统的合成策略,在未来可以根据各种电催化反应的需求设计合成更多的导电MOFs。高性能的导电MOF基催化剂将有望获得突破。

Modeling of Ship Maneuvering Motion Using Neural Networks

In this paper, Neural Networks （NNs） are used in the modeling of ship maneuvering motion. A nonlinear response model and a linear hydrodynamic model of ship maneuvering motion are also investigated. The maneuverability indices and linear non-dimensional hydrodynamic derivatives in the models are identified by using two-layer feed forward NNs. The stability of parametric estimation is confirmed. Then, the ship maneuvering motion is predicted based on the obtained models. A comparison between the predicted results and the model test results demonstrates the validity of the proposed modeling method.

An expert consensus on the evaluation and treatment of acute thoracolumbar spine and spinal cord injury in China

This is an expert consensus on the evaluation and treatment of thoracolumbar spinal injury, estab- lished from February 2009 to July 2010. The expert consensus consists mainly of six parts with a total of 54 recommendations including the overview （one item）; pre-hospital care （one item）; evaluation and diagnosis （13 items）; treatment （23 items）; prevention and treatment of major com- plications （12 items）; and rehabilitation （four items）. This is the first time that Chinese experts have published a consensus on spine and spinal cord injury. The expert consensus was established based on Delphi methods, literature analysis, and clinical experiences. Each recommendation is supported by and was interpreted using multi-level evidences. The level of agreement with the rec- ommendation among the panel members was assessed as either low, moderate, or strong. Each panel member was asked to indicate his or her level of agreement on a 5-point scale, with ＂1＂ cor- respondJng to neutrality and ＂5＂ representJng maxJmum agreement. Scores were aggregated across the panel members and an arithmetic mean was calculated. This mean score was then translated into low, moderate, or strong. After all of the votes were collected and calculated, the results showed no low-level recommendations, 10 moderate-level recommendations, and 44 strong-level recom- mendations. An expert consensus was reached and was recognized by Chinese spine surgeons. Wide-scale adoption of these recommendations is urgent in the management of acute thora- columbar spine and spinal cord injury in a broader attempt to create a standard evaluation and treatment strategy for acute thoracolumbar spine and spinal cord injury in China.

Recent Advances in Interface Engineering for Electrocatalytic CO_(2) Reduction Reaction

Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR) can store and transform the intermittent renewable energy in the form of chemical energy for industrial production of chemicals and fuels,which can dramatically reduce CO_(2) emission and contribute to carbon-neutral cycle. E cient electrocatalytic reduction of chemically inert CO_(2) is challenging from thermodynamic and kinetic points of view. Therefore,low-cost,highly e cient,and readily available electrocatalysts have been the focus for promoting the conversion of CO_(2). Very recently,interface engineering has been considered as a highly e ective strategy to modulate the electrocatalytic performance through electronic and/or structural modulation,regulations of electron/proton/mass/intermediates,and the control of local reactant concentration,thereby achieving desirable reaction pathway,inhibiting competing hydrogen generation,breaking binding-energy scaling relations of intermediates,and promoting CO_(2) mass transfer. In this review,we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of current developments in interface engineering for CO_(2) RR from both a theoretical and experimental stand-point,involving interfaces between metal and metal,metal and metal oxide,metal and nonmetal,metal oxide and metal oxide,organic molecules and inorganic materials,electrode and electrolyte,molecular catalysts and electrode,etc. Finally,the opportunities and challenges of interface engineering for CO_(2) RR are proposed.

Treadmill step training promotes spinal cord neural plasticity after incomplete spinal cord injury

A large body of evidence shows that spinal circuits are significantly affected by training, and that intrinsic circuits that drive locomotor tasks are located in lumbosacral spinal segments in rats with complete spinal cord transection. However, after incomplete lesions, the effect of treadmil training has been debated, which is likely because of the difficulty of separating spontaneous stepping from specific training-induced effects. In this study, rats with moderate spinal cord contusion were sub-jected to either step training on a treadmil or used in the model （control） group. The treadmil training began at day 7 post-injury and lasted 20 ± 10 minutes per day, 5 days per week for 10 weeks. The speed of the treadmil was set to 3 m/min and was increased on a daily basis according to the tolerance of each rat. After 3 weeks of step training, the step training group exhibited a sig-nificantly greater improvement in the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score than the model group. The expression of growth-associated protein-43 in the spinal cord lesion site and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive ventral neurons in the second lumbar spinal segment were greater in the step training group than in the model group at 11 weeks post-injury, while the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in the spinal cord lesion site showed no difference between the two groups. These results suggest that treadmil training significantly improves functional re-covery and neural plasticity after incomplete spinal cord injury.

Lane Recognition Algorithm Using the Hough Transform Based on Complicated Conditions

At present, most lane line detection methods are aimed at simple road surface. There is still no good solution for the situation that the lane line contains arrow, text and other signs. The edge left by markers such as arrow and text will interfere with the detection of lane lines. In view of the situation of arrow mark and text mark interference between lane lines, the paper proposes a new processing algorithm. The algorithm consists of four parts, Gaussian blur, image graying processing, DLD-threshold (Dark-Light-Dark-threshold) algorithm, correlation filter edge extraction and Hough transform. Among them, the DLD-threshold algorithm and related filters are mainly used to remove the identification interference between lane lines. The test results on the Caltech Lanes dataset are given at the end of the article. The result of verification of this algorithm showed a max recognition rate of 97.2%.

Provenance of the Permo-Carboniferous sediments in the northern Alxa and its tectonic implications for the southernmost Central Asian Orogenic Belt

As the southernmost segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB),the northern Alxa orogenic belt(NAOB)connects the southeastern and southwestern segments of the CAOB.The NAOB amalgamated with the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean;however,the closure time of the Paleo-Asian Ocean is still on great debate.In this study,we reported new detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf-O isotopes for the Permo-Carboniferous sediments in the northern Alxa to constrain the provenance and its tectonic implications.The Permo-Carbonifereous Amushan Formation is composed of volcanic-carbonite-clastic rocks and was deposited in a shallow marine environment.Based on the zircon U-Pb geochronology,the Amushan Formation was deposited in the late Carboniferous to early Permian,but some outcrops of volcanic and clastic rocks in the Quaganqulu area were likely formed in the middle to late Permian.The integrated zircon age spectrum for the clastic rocks shows a wide range from late Archean to Paleoproterozoic,Mesoproterozoic(with a peak age at 1458 Ma),early Neoproterozoic(with peak ages of 988 Ma and 929 Ma),early Paleozoic(with a peak age at 447 Ma) and late Paleozoic(with a peak age at 294 Ma).Combined with the zircon Hf-O isotopes,the provenance was considered to be the Alxa Block,the Shalazhashan terrane and the Zhusileng-Hangwula block(and the southern Beishan orogenic belt).The multiple source regions to the south and north of the Paleo-Asian Ocean indicate the closure of this ocean before the late Carboniferous.The absence or small proportion of depositional age-approximated zircons in most samples makes their age spectra similar to extensional basins.Combined with the intra-plate volcanism,the deposits were considered to be formed in extensional settings.Accordingly,after the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean,the NAOB stepped into an extensional stage.

Mesozoic and Cenozoic uplift and exhumation of the Bogda Mountain,NW China: Evidence from apatite fission track analysis

Apatite fission track （AFT） analysis on samples collected from a Paleozoic series is used to constrain the cooling history of the Bogda Mountain, northwest China. AFT ages range from 136.2 to 85.6 Ma and are younger than rock depositional ages and the mean confined track lengths （11.0 13.2 μm） mostly showing unimodal distribution are shorten, indicating significant track-annealing. Thermal histories modeling based on the distribution of fission-track lengths combined with the regional geological data show that two rapid cooling phases occurred in the latest Jurassic-early Cretaceous and the Oligocene-Miocene. Those new data together with previous published data show that the AFT ages become younger from the southwest to northeast in the western Bogda Mountain and its adjacent areas. The fission-track ages of the southwest area are relatively older （〉100 Ma）, recording the earlier rapid uplift phase during the late Jurassic-Cretaceous, while the ages in the north pied- mont of the Bogda Mountain （namely the northeast part） are younger （〈60 Ma）, mainly reflecting the later rapid uplift phase in the Oligocene-Miocene. The trend of younger AFT ages towards the northeast might be explained by post-Cretaceous large-scale crustal tilting towards the southwest. In the thrust fault-dominated northern limbs of the Bogda Mountain, AFT ages reveal a discontinuous pattern with age-jumps across the major fault zones, showing a possible strata tilting across each thrust faults due to the thrust ramps during the Cenozoic. The two rapid uplift stages might be related to the accretion and collision in the southern margin of the Asian continent during the late Jurassic and late Cenozoic, respectively.

Does repair of spinal cord injury follow the evolutionary theory?

Lower vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians, and higher vertebrates in embryonic development can acquire complete regeneration of complex body structures, including the spinal cord, an important part of the central nervous system. However, with species evolution and development, this regenerative capacity gradually weakens and even disappears, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We explored the differences in mechanisms of spinal cord regeneration capability between lower and higher vertebrates, investigated differences in their cellular and molecular mechanisms and between the spinal cord structures of lower vertebrates and mammals, such as rat and monkey, to search for theoretical evidence and therapeutic targets for nerve regeneration in human spinal cord.

Exclusive CO_(2)-to-formate conversion over single-atom alloyed Cu-based catalysts

Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2) RR),powered by renewable energy sources,provides an appealing approach to convert emitted CO_(2) to value-added chemicals and fuels and achieve a carbon-neutral cycle.Among various carbon-based products,formic acid(HCOOH) has been considered as a promising liquid hydrogen storage material due to its high energy density and hydrogen content.However,so far,the reported HCOOH-selective catalysts(e.g.,Bi,Sn,In,Pb and Pd) have failed in either activity(<500 mA cm^(-2)) or stability(<20 h),which significantly inhibits the industrialized feasibility of CO_(2) RR.In contrast,Cu takes the advantages of excellent activity and low cost,making it more commercially viable.To date,one of the most challenging issues of Cu-based catalysts lies in unsatisfactory selectivity,that is,tending to produce mixed products rather than specific one,due to the complicated reaction paths involved.Very recently,Zheng et al.have developed a single-atom alloy(SAAs) strategy for the exclusive CO_(2)-to-formate conversion over Cu-based catalysts.The as-prepared Pb single-atom alloyed Cu catalyst(Pb_(1)Cu)(Fig.la) exhibited near unity selectivity towards HCOOH and impressive stability,providing the prospect of industrial production of HCOOH from CO_(2).

Insight into the Effect of Metal Cations in the Electrolyte on Performance for Electrocatalytic CO_(2)Reduction Reaction

This highlight indicates that the local electrostatic interactions between metal cations and key intermediates facilitate the electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction.Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)has been considered as a promising strategy to achieve a carbon-neutral cycle and produce valuable fuels and feedstocks.

Genome-wide Association Analysis of Maize Flowering Traits

Flowering regulation is important for maize to adapt to a variety of environments as well as associated with high yield.In this study,the genetic mechanism of three flowering traits of 310 maize inbred lines with rich genetic background was investigated in three years at three different environments such as days to tasseling(DTT),days to silking(DTS)and days to pollen shedding(DTP).Based on mean performance,the longest flowering time was observed in Zhanyi(2018),whereas the shortest in Shizong(2019).The coefficient of variance depicted the range from 3.62%to 9.06%for three flowering traits under all environments.Therefore,we have integrated these flowering traits corresponding to SNP molecular markers for genome-wide association study(GWAS).Results showed that 22 SNPs markers were significantly associated with DTT according to physical position and average linkage disequilibrium(LD)decay distance,and a total of 234 candidate genes were identified near these significantly associated SNP markers.Moreover,KEGG and GO analysis showed that these genes were enriched in the regulation of the physiological pathways for flowering.In more details,16 genes involved in development of floral organs are more worthy of our attention in future studies.

生化代谢指标对精神疾病诊断学及临床治疗的意义

目的研究生化代谢指标对精神疾病诊断学及临床治疗的意义。方法使用生化分析仪检测康复组和病区组(精神疾病患者组)的各项肾功能指标:血尿素氮、血尿酸、血肌酐。然后进行比较分析。结果两组患者的血尿素氮差异相比具有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患者的血尿素氮异常值差异比较具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论生化指标对于精神疾病患者的用药指导、辅助治疗具有积极意义,可以为探索精神疾病诊断与生化指标之间的关系提供依据。

The switch triggering the invasion process:Lipid metabolism in the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma

In humans,the liver is a central metabolic organ with a complex and unique histological microenvironment.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),which is a highly aggressive disease with a poor prognosis,accounts for most cases of primary liver cancer.As an emerging hallmark of cancers,metabolic reprogramming acts as a runaway mechanism that disrupts homeostasis of the affected organs,including the liver.Specifically,rewiring of the liver metabolic microenvironment,including lipid metabolism,is driven by HCC cells,propelling the phenotypes of HCC cells,including dissemination,invasion,and even metastasis in return.The resulting formation of this vicious loop facilitates various malignant behaviors of HCC further.However,few articles have comprehensively summarized lipid reprogramming in HCC metastasis.Here,we have reviewed the general situation of the liver microenvironment and the physiological lipid metabolism in the liver,and highlighted the effects of different aspects of lipid metabolism on HCC metastasis to explore the underlying mechanisms.In addition,we have recapitulated promising therapeutic strategies targeting lipid metabolism and the effects of lipid metabolic reprogramming on the efficacy of HCC systematical therapy,aiming to offer new perspectives for targeted therapy.

Enhancement of CH_(3)CO^(*) adsorption by editing d-orbital states of Pd to boost C–C bond cleavage of ethanol eletrooxidation

Improving the complete ethanol electrooxidation on Pd-based catalysts in alkaline media has drawn widely attention due to the high mass energy density.However,the weak adsorption energy of CH_(3)CO^(*) on Pd restricts the C–C bond cleavage.Inspired by the molecular orbital theory,we proposed the d-state-editing strategy to construct more unoccupied d-states of Pd for the enhanced interaction with CH_(3)CO^(*) to break C–C bonds.As expected,the reduced number of e_g electrons and more unoccupied d-states of Pd successfully formed on as-prepared porous Rh Au–Pd Cu nanosheets(PNSs).Theoretical calculations show that the optimized d-states of Rh Au–Pd Cu PNS can effectively improve the adsorption of CH_(3)CO^(*) and drastically reduce the energy barrier of C–C bond cleavage,thus boosting the complete oxidation of ethanol.The charge ratio of C_1 pathway on Rh Au–Pd Cu PNSs is 51.5%,more than 2 times higher than that of Pd NSs.Our finding provides an innovative perspective for the design of highly-efficient noble-based electrocatalysts.

A series of formic acid MOFs/polylactic acid blending composites with the improved dielectric performance in Co(Ⅱ)systems

In order to improve the limited compatibility of existing polymer/ceramic dielectric composites and further enhance the energy storage density,MOF/polymer composite dielectrics have been explored,which exhibit good compatibility to the polymer matrix from abundant organic groups of the inorganic–organic hybrid metal-organic framework(MOF)fillers.However,they still lack a clear composition–structure–property rule,and the precise design of MOF fillers and polymer matrix becomes a prominent problem in these composites due to the diversity of the metal ions and the organic groups.Thus,in this paper,we present a series of formic acid MOFs/polylactic acid dielectric composites in which ferroelectric formic acid MOFs,namely PDLLA/[NH_(3)(CH_(2))_(4)NH_(3)][M^(Ⅱ)(HCOO)_(3)]_(2)and PDLLA/[CH_(3)NH_(3)][M^(Ⅱ)(HCOO)_(3)]_(2),in which the formic acid MOFs are with different structures and different metal ions as fillers,including[NH_(3)(CH_(2)T_(4)NH_(3))][M^(Ⅱ)(HCOO)_(3)]_(2)(namely MOF–Co(M=Co),MOF–Mg(M=Mg),MOF–Mn(M=Mn),with 1,4-butanediamine ion as guest)and[CH_(3)NH_(3)][M^(Ⅱ)(HCOO)_(3)]_(2)(namely MOF–Co_(2)(M=Co),MOF–Ni_(2)(Ni),with methylamine ion as guest).The composition and morphology of composite films were characterized by XRD,IR,SEM,DSC and UV,respectively,while the dielectric characterizations of the composites including the dielectric permittivity,the dielectric loss,the breakdown field strength and the energy density were also performed.The composition–structure–property relationships were also investigated including the influence of MOF content and MOF category.With the introduction of MOFs,the dielectric constant of the polylactic acid substrate was improved slightly while the breakdown field strength can be improved in some systems.Interestingly,the Co(Ⅱ)-containing formic acid MOF has advantages over other formic acid MOFs with similar structure for the enhancement of the dielectric constant and breakdown field strength.Also,in some composite films with methylamine ion guest MOF fillers and low-MOF content(MOF–Co_(2)(1 vol.%)and MOF–Ni_(2)(1 vol.%)),the breakdown electric field enhanced significantly and further led to improved energy storage density which was about 43%higher than that of the polylactic acid matrix.The possible reason is that in these composites,the orientation of C–H bonds of MOFs seems more beneficial to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl group of formic acid and the polylactic acid matrix.These relationships obtained from formic acid MOFs/polylactic acid composites are valuable to the design of high-performance polymer/MOF energy storage composites and may be a new perspective to the practical use of ferroelectric MOFs.