Severe Global Environmental Issues Caused by Canada’s Record-Breaking Wildfires in 2023

Due to the record-breaking wildfires that occurred in Canada in 2023,unprecedented quantities of air pollutants and greenhouse gases were released into the atmosphere.The wildfires had emitted more than 1.3 Pg CO_(2)and 0.14 Pg CO_(2)equivalent of other greenhouse gases(GHG)including CH4 and N_(2)O as of 31 August.The wildfire-related GHG emissions constituted more than doubled Canada’s planned cumulative anthropogenic emissions reductions in 10 years,which represents a significant challenge to climate mitigation efforts.The model simulations showed that the Canadian wildfires impacted not only the local air quality but also that of most areas in the northern hemisphere due to long-range transport,causing severe PM_(2.5)pollution in the northeastern United States and increasing daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in northwestern China by up to 2μg m-3.The observed maximum daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in New York City reached 148.3μg m-3,which was their worst air quality in more than 50 years,nearly 10 times that of the air quality guideline(i.e.,15μg m-3)issued by the World Health Organization(WHO).Aside from the direct emissions from forest fires,the peat fires beneath the surface might smolder for several months or even longer and release substantial amounts of CO_(2).The substantial amounts of greenhouse gases from forest and peat fires might contribute to the positive feedback to the climate,potentially accelerating global warming.To better understand the comprehensive environmental effects of wildfires and their interactions with the climate system,more detailed research based on advanced observations and Earth System Models is essential.

An Industrial Intrusion Detection Method Based on Hybrid Convolutional Neural Networks with Improved TCN

Network intrusion detection systems(NIDS)based on deep learning have continued to make significant advances.However,the following challenges remain:on the one hand,simply applying only Temporal Convolutional Networks(TCNs)can lead to models that ignore the impact of network traffic features at different scales on the detection performance.On the other hand,some intrusion detection methods considermulti-scale information of traffic data,but considering only forward network traffic information can lead to deficiencies in capturing multi-scale temporal features.To address both of these issues,we propose a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network that supports a multi-output strategy(BONUS)for industrial internet intrusion detection.First,we create a multiscale Temporal Convolutional Network by stacking TCN of different scales to capture the multiscale information of network traffic.Meanwhile,we propose a bi-directional structure and dynamically set the weights to fuse the forward and backward contextual information of network traffic at each scale to enhance the model’s performance in capturing the multi-scale temporal features of network traffic.In addition,we introduce a gated network for each of the two branches in the proposed method to assist the model in learning the feature representation of each branch.Extensive experiments reveal the effectiveness of the proposed approach on two publicly available traffic intrusion detection datasets named UNSW-NB15 and NSL-KDD with F1 score of 85.03% and 99.31%,respectively,which also validates the effectiveness of enhancing the model’s ability to capture multi-scale temporal features of traffic data on detection performance.

Analysis on Typical Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Open-cast Mining and Its Countermeasures

In order to deal with the special spatio-temporal environmental changes encountered in the process of open-cast mining,taking Huolinhe No.1 Open-cast Mine as the research object,this paper studied its typical problems in river reconstruction and cultural relics protection.The study focused on eight key core aspects,including the design optimization of the spatial layout of the mining area,the accurate estimation of the mineral resources reserves,the scientific theoretical demonstration of the mining scale,the fine analysis and calculation of the stripping ratio,the comprehensive consideration of the transport distance and efficiency,the accurate judgment of the best time for the implementation of the transformation,the analysis and evaluation of the slope stability,and the overall planning of the production system.The results show that the extracted problem-solving strategies and scheme system for special mining conditions can not only provide specific and practical guidance for Huolinhe No.1 Open-cast Mine,but also serve as a valuable reference and practical reference for other open-cast mine enterprises facing similar challenges.

Quantitative characterization of cell physiological state based on dynamical cell mechanics for drug efficacy indication

Cell mechanics is essential to cell development and function,and its dynamics evolution reflects the physiological state of cells.Here,we investigate the dynamical mechanical properties of single cells under various drug conditions,and present two mathematical approaches to quantitatively characterizing the cell physiological state.It is demonstrated that the cellular mechanical properties upon the drug action increase over time and tend to saturate,and can be mathematically characterized by a linear timeinvariant dynamical model.It is shown that the transition matrices of dynamical cell systems significantly improve the classification accuracies of the cells under different drug actions.Furthermore,it is revealed that there exists a positive linear correlation between the cytoskeleton density and the cellular mechanical properties,and the physiological state of a cell in terms of its cytoskeleton density can be predicted from its mechanical properties by a linear regression model.This study builds a relationship between the cellular mechanical properties and the cellular physiological state,adding information for evaluating drug efficacy.

Unregulated emissions from a diesel engine equipped with vanadium-based urea-SCR catalyst

The present work is aimed at the study of number-size distribution of particles, volatile organic compounds （VOCs）, and carbonyl compounds （CC） or carbonyls emitted from a 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine equipped with a vanadium-based urea selective catalytic reduction catalyst. The engine was run on an electric dynamometer in accordance with the European steady-state cycle. Pollutants were analyzed using an electric low pressure impactor, a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, and a high performance liquid chromatography system for the number-size distribution of particles, VOCs, and CC emissions, respectively. Experimental results revealed that total number of particles were decreased, and their number-size distributions were moved from smaller sizes to larger sizes in the presence of the catalyst. The VOCs were greatly reduced downstream of the catalyst. There was a strong correlation between the conversion of styrene and ethyl benzene. The conversion rate of benzene increased with increase of catalyst temperature. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein and acetone were significantly reduced, resulting in a remarkable abatement in carbonyls with the use of the vanadium-based urea-SCR system.

Biocontrol potential of Trichoderma asperellum mutants T39 and T45 and their growth promotion of poplar seedlings

This study investigates the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma asperellum mutants against Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata, and Fusarium oxysporum and growth promotion of Populus davidiana 9 P. alba var.pyramidalis(Pd Pap poplar) seedlings. A T-DNA insertion mutant library of T. asperellum was constructed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.Sixty-five positive transformants(T1–T65) were obtained.Growth rates of the mutants T39 and T45 were the same,39.68% faster than the WT. In toxin tolerance tests, only T39 had greater tolerance to A. alternata fermentation broth than the WT, but mutant T45 had the same tolerance as the WT to all fermentation broths. Furthermore, T39 and T45 had a greater antagonistic ability than the WT strain against R. solani and A. alternata. The inhibition rate of the mutants T39 and T45 against A. alternata are 73.92% and80.76%, respectively, and 63.51% and 63.74%, respectively. Furthermore, the three strains increased the activities of superoxide dismutases, peroxidase, catalase(CAT)and phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL) in Pd Pap seedling leaves. CAT and PAL activity in the Pd Pap seedling leaveswas 11.25 and 5.50 times higher, respectively, in the presence of T39 than in the control group and 12 and 6.35 times higher, respectively, in the presence of T45 than in the control group. All three strains promoted seedling growth and the root and stem development, especially mutant T45. Mutants T39 and T45 reduced the incidence of pathogenic fungi in poplar and stimulated poplar seedling growth.

The disease resistance potential of Trichoderma asperellum T-Pa2 isolated from Phellodendron amurense rhizosphere soil

To promote the application of Trichoderma,many countries have collected Trichoderma resources.In the present study,nine isolates were isolated from a rhizosphere soil of Phellodendron amurense and were identified as three species:Trichoderma brevicompactum(one isolate),T.asperellum(two isolates),T.atroviride(six isolates).Dual culture experiments showed that T.asperellum T-Pa2 grew fast and produced the best inhibition rates against six tested pathogens(80.25–91.65%)via competition and mycoparasitism.Populus davidiana×P.alba var.pyramidalis Louche(PdPap poplar)was treated with T-Pa2,which increased the catalase activity,nitrate reductase activity,and content of osmosis molecules significantly(P<0.05).Meanwhile,induction by T-Pa2 increased the resistance of PdPap poplar against Alternaria alternata via modulating the expression of salicylic acid,jasmonic acid,and auxin transduction pathway genes.The results will form the basis for the collection and application of biocontrol agents in forestry.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma harzianum ACCC30371 under eight culture conditions

A transcriptomic database was constructed to study the biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma harzianum ACCC30371 using high quality UniGenes following growth in eight culture media[(1/2PD,minimal medium MM(containing dextrose 10 g L^-1),C starvation medium(derived from MM without dextrose),N starvation medium(derived from MM without ammonium sulphate),and four kinds of phytopathogenic fungi cell wall media].A 4 Gbp transcriptome was generated and 96.7%of the database had a sequencing error rate less than 1%.A total of 25,013 UniGene sequences were obtained with a mean length of 1135 nt.There were 2571 sequences longer than 3000 nt.The National Center for Biotechnology Information Accession number of this transcriptome is SRR8382572.There were 16,360 Unigenes annotated to the Nr protein database,9875 to the SwissProt database,10,266 to the KEGG database,7164 to the COG database,and 1508 to the GO database along with their protein functional annotations.There were 16,723 functional genes identified.We identified 402 bio-control genes,including 14 related to competition,311 to mycoparasitism,76 to antibiosis,and one related to eliciting a plant response.This shows that T.harzianum ACCC30371 has integrated biocontrol mechanisms,and of these mechanisms,mycoparasitism is the most prevalent.Antibiosis and induced systemic resistance also play important roles.These results provide a foundation for further research into the biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma,as well as the development and utilization of biological fungicides.

Effect of Atorvastatin on Serum MMP-2,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in Rabbits with Chronic Heart Failure

Objective： To observe the effects of atorvastatin on serum matrix metalloproteinase-2（MMP-2）, matrix metaUoproteinase-9（MMP-9）, and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1（TIMP-1） in the development of chronic heart failure. To investigate the role of atorvastatin in the therapy of chronic heart failure and determine its possible mechanism of action. Methods： Thirty Japanese Big Ear rabbits were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups： sham-operated group（SO group）, heart failure control group（HC group） and heart failure atorvastatin therapy group（HA group）, with 6, 12 and 12 animals in the respective groups. Volume overloading was produced in the HC group and HA group animals by creating an aortic insufficiency, induced by damaging the aortic valve with a catheter introduced through the carotid artery. After 14 days, abdominal aorta constriction was performed in order to obtain a pressure overload. Six weeks later rabbits in the HA group were administered atorvastatin 3mg· Kg^-1·d^-1 for 4 weeks, at which time the experiment was terminated. Arterial blood was drawn and serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were measured in all groups at the same time using an ELISA method. Results： Structural and functional indicators of chronic heart failure（CHF） were seen in both the HC and HA groups, but atorvastatin significantly reduced the observed effects. The serum concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were at low levels in all three groups at the start of the study, with no difference between them（P 〈 0.05）. At the end of 6th week concentrations were significantly increased in the HC and HA groups compared with the SO group（P 〈 0.05）, but there were no differences between the HC group and HA group（P 〉 0.05）. The increased concentrations in HC group continued to the end of the experiment, but values in the HA group were all lower than those in the HC group by the end of the experiment（P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Serum concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 increase significantly during the course of CHF, paralleling the pathological progress of CHF. Atorvastatin benefits CHF, and the decreased serum levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 may be one of the drug＇ s mechanism of action.

硫醇化合物/月桂酸对废胶粉精准脱硫的影响及机理

利用硫醇化合物/月桂酸复合脱硫剂,通过双螺杆熔融挤出法对废胶粉进行精准脱硫。采用渗透凝胶色谱、扫描电镜、差示扫描量热和红外光谱等研究了复合脱硫剂对脱硫橡胶脱硫效果的影响。结果表明,复合脱硫剂的最佳脱硫工艺为:使用质量分数10%软化组分(糠醛抽出油)、5%脱硫组分(硫醇化合物)与5%促进组分(月桂酸),以220℃的脱硫温度对废胶粉进行精准脱硫,脱硫后的试样的溶胶含量可达到70.1%、相对分子质量为13105。复合脱硫剂中的糠醛抽出油可以促使废胶粉溶胀,硫醇化合物中的巯基能精准作用于C-S,S-S和多S键并使其断裂,月桂酸通过润滑作用可促进脱硫反应的进行,三者复合后的脱硫剂能够实现废胶粉的精准脱硫。

Recent Advances in Soft Biological Tissue Manipulating Technologies

Biological soft tissues manipulation,including conventional(mechanical)and nonconventional(laser,waterjet and ultrasonic)processes,is critically required in most surgical innervations.However,the soft tissues,with their nature of anisotropic and viscoelastic mechanical properties,and high biological and heat sensitivities,are difficult to manipulated.Moreover,the mechanical and thermal induced damage on the surface and surrounding tissue during the surgery can impair the proliferative phase of healing.Thus,understanding the manipulation mechanism and the resulted surface damage is of importance to the community.In recent years,more and more scholars carried out researches on soft biological tissue cutting in order to improve the cutting performance of surgical instruments and reduce the surgery induced tissue damage.However,there is a lack of compressive review that focused on the recent advances in soft biological tissue manipulating technologies.Hence,this review paper attempts to provide an informative literature survey of the state-of-the-art of soft tissue manipulation processes in surgery.This is achieved by exploring and recollecting the different soft tissue manipulation techniques currently used,including mechanical,laser,waterjet and ultrasonic cutting and advanced anastomosis and reconstruction processes,with highlighting their governing removal mechanisms as well as the surface and subsurface damages.

Deep proteome profiling promotes whole proteome characterization and drug discovery for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Proteins are key players in various cellular processes.As the ultimate executors of cellular processes,they play essential roles in linking genotypes to phenotypes.Abnormalities in protein expression and post-translational modifications(PTMs)are closely associated with the initiation and development of cancer,and they carry biological information inaccessible to genomics and transcriptomics1.Proteomics complements genomic and transcriptomic data,thus enabling comprehensive analysis of cancer pathogenesis and accelerating biomedical research2.

Reflections on the withdrawal of medical articles and the development of writing and publishing standards

In recent years,the withdrawal of several batches of articles from international academic journals has negatively affected Chinese scholars.The Chinese government,the scientific community,and many scientific researchers have made substantial efforts to rectify this problem.This Editorial reviews the mass withdrawal events as a whole;identifies their causes;and systematically investigates China’s policy adjustments,institutional arrangements,and regulatory mechanisms in response.We hope that,in addition to reminding authors to pay greater attention to avoiding withdrawals,this Editorial will provide guidance to help them conduct scientific research and present their achievements in a more standardized manner.

TRAF7 enhances degradation of ubiquitinated KLF4 to promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression

Objective:The tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 7(TRAF7)is one of the components of the tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)/nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)pathway and a putative E3-ubiquitin ligase.This study aims to explore the biologic effects and the molecular mechanisms of deregulated TRAF7 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)progression.

Study of Hollow Cathode Arc Welding Technology for Ti Alloys

In this paper, technology margin experiment of hollow cathode fusion arc welding (FAW) and penetrating arc welding (PAW) is presented in detail. The advantages of PAW. compared with FAW, are better weld formation, narrower welds, as well as a larger welding technology margin. Technological experiment and hydraulic test for the Ti alloy pressure vessels with PAW are described. Also, the weld formation control on Ti alloys is preliminarily analyzed. Finally, conclusions are addressed.

Stability and bifurcation analysis of a size-stage-structured cooperation model

In this paper,we propose a size-stage-structured cooperation model which has two distinct life stages in facultative cooperator.The primary feature of this model is to consider size structure,stage structure and obligate and facultative symbiosis at the same time in a cooperation system.We use the method of characteristic to show that this new model can be reduced to a threshold delay equations(TDEs)model,which can be further transformed into a functional differential equations(FDEs)model by a simple change of variables.Such simplification allows us to apply the classical theory of FDEs and establish a set of sufficient conditions to investigate the qualitative analysis of solutions of the FDEs model,including the global existence and uniqueness,positivity and boundedness.What's more,we use the geometric criteria to get the conclusions about stability and Hopf bifurcation of positive equilibrium because the coefficients of the characteristic equation depend on the bifurcation parameter.Finally,numerical simulations are carried out as supporting evidences of our analytical results.Our results show that the presence of size structure and stage structure plays an important role in the dynamic behavior of the model.

Long noncoding RNA LOC646029 functions as a ceRNA to suppress ovarian cancer progression through the miR-627-3p/SPRED1 axis

Long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)play a crucial regulatory role in the development and progression of multiple cancers.However,the potential mechanism by which lncRNAs affect the recurrence and metastasis of ovarian cancer remains unclear.In the current study,the lncRNA LOC646029 was markedly downregulated in metastatic ovarian tumors compared with primary tumors.Gain-and loss-of-function assays demonstrated that LOC646029 inhibits the proliferation,invasiveness,and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells in vivo and in vitro.Moreover,the downregulation of LOC646029 in metastatic ovarian tumors was strongly correlated with poor prognosis.Mechanistically,LOC646029 served as a miR-627-3p sponge to promote the expression of Sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 1,which is necessary for suppressing tumor metastasis and inhibiting KRAS signaling.Collectively,our results demonstrated that LOC646029 is involved in the progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer,which may be a potential prognostic biomarker.

RPS15 interacted with IGF2BP1 to promote esophageal squamous cell carcinoma development via recognizing m^(6)A modification

Increased rates of ribosome biogenesis have been recognized as hallmarks of many cancers and are associated with poor prognosis.Using a CRISPR synergistic activation mediator(SAM)system library targeting 89 ribosomal proteins(RPs)to screen for the most oncogenic functional RPs in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC),we found that high expression of RPS15 correlates with malignant phenotype and poor prognosis of ESCC.

Targeting Aberrant Histone Posttranscription Modification Machinery in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma:Current Findings and Challenges

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)is an aggressive malignancy,but the survival rates of patients with ESCC have not improved as yet largely because the available targeted therapies are limited.Histone posttranscription modification(PTM)is a critical epigenetic regulation.Several deregulations in histone PTM machinery have been identified to promote malignant phenotypes of ESCC,providing druggable targets in treating ESCC.Hereby,we briefly describe current progress and challenges ahead in this field.

生物炼制过程中木质素高值转化研究进展

木质素高值转化对于提升生物炼制经济性,促进社会经济绿色发展具有重要意义。然而,木质素结构复杂且不均一,其高值化利用仍存在技术壁垒,使得木质素应用尚未形成规模。文中首先综述了当前生物炼制过程中木质素高值转化面临的主要挑战。然后通过比较不同预处理技术对木质素分离、性质及其利用的主要影响,详细阐述了基于生物炼制理念发展的新型组合预处理技术。其次,针对木质素本征结构特性导致其利用效率低等问题,进一步详述了溶剂分级、膜分级、梯度沉淀分级等分级利用策略对克服木质素不均一性,改善其可加工性能的重要影响。再次,针对木质素利用策略,系统比较了木质素热化学转化和生物转化,结合生物质预处理及木质素分级,阐述了以生物炼制理念进行木质素高值转化的新策略。最后,总结了木质素利用过程中存在的挑战性问题,展望了木质素高效分离、分级及转化过程发展的新策略和新趋势。