使用深度学习在CTA扫描卷下实现主动脉夹层分类和直径测量的双功能系统

Acute aortic dissection is one of the most life-threatening cardiovascular diseases,with a high mortality rate.Its prevalence ranges from 0.2%to 0.8%in humans,resulting in a significant number of deaths due to being missed in manual examinations.More importantly,the aortic diameter—a critical indicator for surgical selection—significantly influences the outcomes of surgeries post-diagnosis.Therefore,it is an urgent yet challenging mission to develop an automatic aortic dissection diagnostic system that can recognize and classify the aortic dissection type and measure the aortic diameter.This paper offers a dual-functional deep learning system called aortic dissections diagnosis-aiding system(DDAsys)that enables both accurate classification of aortic dissection and precise diameter measurement of the aorta.To this end,we created a dataset containing 61190 computed tomography angiography(CTA)images from 279 patients from the Division of Cardiovascular Surgery at Tongji Hospital,Wuhan,China.The dataset provides a slice-level summary of difficult-to-identify features,which helps to improve the accuracy of both recognition and classification.Our system achieves a recognition F1 score of 0.984,an average classification F1 score of 0.935,and the respective measurement precisions for ascending and descending aortic diameters are 0.994 mm and 0.767 mm root mean square error(RMSE).The high consistency(88.6%)between the recommended surgical treatments and the actual corresponding surgeries verifies the capability of our system to aid clinicians in developing a more prompt,precise,and consistent treatment strategy.

An improved TDE technique for derivation of 2D turbulence structures based on GPI data in toroidal plasma

This paper reports an improved time-delay estimation(TDE)technique for the derivation of turbulence structures based on gas-puff imaging data.The improved TDE technique,integrating an inverse timing search and hierarchical strategy,offers superior accuracy in calculating turbulent velocity field maps and analyzing blob dynamics,which has the power to obtain the radial profiles of equilibrium poloidal velocity,blob size and its radial velocity,even the fluctuation analysis,such as geodesic acoustic modes and quasi-coherent mode,etc.This improved technique could provide important 2D information for the study of edge turbulence and blob dynamics,advancing the understanding of edge turbulence physics in fusion plasmas.

揭开指纹的神秘面纱

以化学指纹显影法为基础,设计了多种不同的科普实验,全面地向科普对象展示化学指纹显影的原理和特点。在科普模式上,项目创新性地将“线上+线下”模式相结合,“居家+实验室”环境相结合,打破了传统科普中受到时间、空间和仪器设备的局限,将科普的范围和广度大大扩大。另外在具体科普项目实施中,注重科普对象的科学和文化素养的提升,开拓公众视野并实现科学有效的辟谣。

Study on the formation of arc plasma on the resistive wall liquid metal current limiter

Due to its significant attributes,the liquid metal current limiter(LMCL)is considered a new strategy for limiting short-circuit current in the power grid.A resistive wall liquid metal current limiter(RWLMCL)is designed to advance the starting current-limiting time.Experiments are performed to investigate the dynamic behaviors of liquid metal,and the influence of different currents on the liquid metal self-shrinkage effect is compared and analyzed.Furthermore,the liquid metal self-shrinkage effect is mathematically modeled,and the reason for the formation of arc plasma is obtained by simulation.The laws of arc plasma formation and the current transfer in the cavity are revealed,and the motion mechanisms are explained by physical principles.The simulations are in accordance with the test data.It is demonstrated that the sudden change of the current density at both ends of the wall causes the liquid metal to shrink and depress under the electromagnetic force,and the current starts to transfer from the liquid metal path to the wall resistance path.The RWLMCL can effectively advance the starting current-limiting time.

Evolution of edge turbulent transport induced by L-mode detachment in the HL-2A tokamak

This paper presents the characteristics of L-mode detachment,together with the behavior of edge turbulent transport and plasma confinement on the HL-2A tokamak.Partially detached and pronounced detached states have been achieved in L-mode plasma.Stored energy was maintained before and after detachment.Edge turbulence and its transport have increased obviously in the partially detached state.In the pronounced detached state,redistribution of the density and temperature profiles due to detachment leads to low amplitude of electron temperature and pressure,as well as very weak edge turbulence and transport.Despite strong plasma radiation in the pronounced detached state,reduced edge turbulent transport contributes to maintaining stored energy in detached L-mode plasma in HL-2A.Different detachment states play an important role in the redistribution of density and temperature profiles,which requires further study.

A novel fault current limiter topology design based on liquid metal current limiter

The liquid metal current limiter(LMCL)is regarded as a viable solution for reducing the fault current in a power grid.But demonstrating the liquid metal arc plasma self-pinching process of the resistive wall,and reducing the erosion of the LMCL are challenging,not only theoretically,but also practically.In this work,a novel LMCL is designed with a resistive wall that can be connected to the current-limiting circuit inside the cavity.Specifically,a novel fault current limiter(FCL)topology is put forward where the novel LMCL is combined with a fast switch and current-limiting reactor.Further,the liquid metal self-pinch effect is modeled mathematically in three dimensions,and the gas-liquid two-phase dynamic diagrams under different short-circuit currents are obtained by simulation.The simulation results indicate that with the increase of current,the time for the liquid metal-free surface to begin depressing is reduced,and the position of the depression also changes.Different kinds of bubbles formed by the depressions gradually extend,squeeze,and break.With the increase of current,the liquid metal takes less time to break,but breaks still occur at the edge of the channel,forming arc plasma.Finally,relevant experiments are conducted for the novel FCL topology.The arcing process and current transfer process are analyzed in particular.Comparisons of the peak arc voltage,arcing time,current limiting efficiency,and electrode erosion are presented.The results demonstrate that the arc voltage of the novel FCL topology is reduced by more than 4.5times and the arcing time is reduced by more than 12%.The erosions of the liquid metal and electrodes are reduced.Moreover,the current limiting efficiency of the novel FCL topology is improved by 1%–5%.This work lays a foundation for the topology and optimal design of the LMCL.

Upgrade of an integrated Langmuir probe system on the closed divertor target plates in the HL-2A tokamak

A newly designed divertor Langmuir probe diagnostic system has been installed in a rare closed divertor of the HL-2A tokamak and steadily operated for the study of divertor physics involved edge-localized mode mitigation,detachment and redistribution of heat flux,etc.Two sets of probe arrays including 274 probe tips were placed at two ports(approximately 180°separated toroidally),and the spatial and temporal resolutions of this measurement system could reach6 mm and 1μs,respectively.A novel design of the ceramic isolation ring can ensure reliable electrical insulation property between the graphite tip and the copper substrate plate where plasma impurities and the dust are deposited into the gaps for a long experimental time.Meanwhile,the condition monitoring and mode conversion between single and triple probe of the probe system could be conveniently implemented via a remote-control station.The preliminary experimental result shows that the divertor Langmuir probe system is capable of measuring the high spatiotemporal parameters involved the plasma density,electron temperature,particle flux as well as heat flux during the ELMy H-mode discharges.

Effect of edge turbulent transport on scrape-off layer width on HL-2A tokamak

Effect of edge turbulent transport on scrape-off layer(SOL)width has been investigated in Ohmically heated L-mode plasma under limiter configurations on HL-2A tokamak.It has been found that SOL width is doubled when plasma current decreases about 20%.With larger plasma current,E×B shear is stronger and has greater suppression effect on edge turbulent transport.SOL width is larger when power of relative density fluctuation level in the edge region is larger.It is concluded that edge turbulent transport plays a significant role on SOL width.These experimental findings may provide a better understanding and controlling of power exhaust for present and future fusion devices.

Scaling Laws of Heat Flux Width in the HL-2A Closed Divertor Tokamak

The scaling law of divertor heat flux width is one of the key topics of magnetic confinement fusion,which is almost inversely proportional to the poloidal magnetic field on some opened divertor tokamaks.This work focuses on the scaling laws of the closed divertor heat flux width in the HL-2 A tokamak under different discharge conditions,such as the Ohmic,L-and H-modes.The results indicate that there are basic similarities of the scaling laws of the heat flux width between the opened and closed divertors.However,a larger spreading width in the private flux region is found,which is relevant to a small expansion factor of the magnetic flux in the closed divertor.

Impact of the mass isotope on plasma confinement and transport properties in the HL-2A tokamak

The impact of the mass isotope on plasma conflnement and transport properties has been investigated in Ohmically-heated hydrogen and deuterium plasmas in the HL-2 A tokamak.Experimental results show that under similar discharge parameters the deuterium plasma has better conflnement and lower turbulent transport than the hydrogen one,and concomitantly,it is found that the magnitude of geodesic acoustic mode zonal flows,the tilting angle of the Reynolds stress tensor and the turbulence correlation lengths are all larger in the edge region of the deuterium plasma.The results provide direct experimental evidence on the importance of the nonlinear energy coupling between ambient turbulence and zonal flows for governing the isotope effects in fusion plasmas.

LH-Nts Neurons Regulate VTA Calcium Dynamics Via Releasing GABA and Nts

The peripheral and central nervous systems have numerous examples of two or more neuroactive products co-existing in the same neuron[1],which can simultaneously be released as both fast-acting neurotransmitters and slow-acting regulatory neuropeptides[2].For example,neurons in the lateral hypothalamus(LH)release both irritant neurotensin(Nts)and inhibitory-aminobutyric acid(GABA),two counterproductive substances[3].LH-Nts neurons project to the ventral tegmental area(VTA)and form synaptic connections with dopamine(DA)neurons to regulate reward[4-6].More critically,VTA-DA neurons express the Nts receptor Ntsrl and play a crucial role in cognition,anesthesia,reward,and disgust[4,7,8].Nevertheless,a mechanistic understanding of how stimulation and inhibition work together to control the output of neural circuits remains unclear.It is very difficult to selectively isolate these signaling pathways in cell and circuit-specific manners.

Acidification Deficiency of Autolysosomes Induces Neuronal Autophagic Amyloid-βPlaques in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease(AD),a degenerative disease of the central nervous system,is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and behavioral impairment.AD has been linked to the formation of amyloid-β(Aβ)plaque deposits and neurofibrillary tangles(NFTs)in the brain[1].The aggregation of Aβmay repress the signal transmission of synapses between neurons,while tau tangles,the main components of NFTs,hinder the trafficking of nutrients and other molecules that are critical to normal function and neuronal survival.It has been reported that the deposition of Aβand the tangles of tau protein can activate microglia in the brain,during which balance cannot be maintained,chronic inflammation occurs,and the brain function of AD patients may be further impaired[2].As the mainstream theories,Aβand tau protein continue to be studied.Although researchers have mainly focused on the toxic effects of pathological factors such as Aβ,tau protein,and inflammatory factors,the physiological significance in pathological states and generative processes have rarely been considered.

A New Potential Strategy for Treatment of Ischemic Stroke:Targeting TRPM2–NMDAR Association

Ischemic stroke accounts for~85%of all strokes and generally occurs when blood flow is severely reduced due to clots or masses blocking blood vessels and cutting off blood flow to brain cells.The death or damage to neurons caused by a stroke lead to corresponding symptoms such as weakness,paralysis,and numbness in the part of the body controlled by the affected area.

Recent advances and perspectives towards emission inventories of mobile sources:Compilation approaches,data acquisition methods,and case studies

In recent years,great efforts have been devoted to reducing emissions from mobile sources with the dramatic growth of motor vehicle and nonroad mobile source populations.Compilation of a mobile source emission inventory is conducive to the analysis of pollution emission characteristics and the formulation of emission reduction policies.This study summarizes the latest compilation approaches and data acquisition methods for mobile source emission inventories.For motor vehicles,a high-resolution emission inventory can be developed based on a bottom-up approach with a refined traffic flow model and real-world speed-coupled emission factors.The top-down approach has advantages when dealing with macroscale vehicle emission estimation without substantial traffic flow infrastructure.For nonroad mobile sources,nonroad machinery,inland river ships,locomotives,and civil aviation aircraft,a top-down approach based on fuel consumption or power is adopted.For ocean-going ships,a bottom-up approach based on automatic identification system(AIS)data is adopted.Three typical cases are studied,including emission reduction potential,a cost-benefit model,and marine shipping emission control.Outlooks and suggestions are given on future research directions for emission inventories for mobile sources:building localized emission models and factor databases,improving the dynamic updating capability of emission inventories,establishing a database of emission factors of unconventional pollutants and greenhouse gas from mobile sources,and establishing an urban high temporalspatial resolution volatile organic compound(VOC)evaporation emission inventory.

Neuronal Mechanisms Govern Glioblastoma Cell Invasion

Glioblastoma(GBM)remains one of the most aggressive malignancies;it is characterized by genetic heterogeneity and resistance to treatment.One main reason is that GBM cells(GBCs)communicate with other cells in the brain environment to support tumor progression and resist therapy[1].Tumor-associated astrocytes,for example.

Sodium-Calcium Exchanger-3 Plays Critical Roles in Pain"Wind-up"

Chronic pain,broadly described as pain lasting longer than 3 months,is a classic example of gene-environment interaction[1].A couple of types of chronic pain have also been shown to have complex heritable properties with a polygenic component[2].Quantitative Sensory Testing(QST)is a formal variant of the sensory examination,including"static"sensory profiling and"dynamic"QST.QST contributes to the prediction of vulnerable subpopulations and effective mechanisms.In addition,a deficit in dynamic QST has been proposed as a predictor of chronic pain[3].

An attention-based deep learning model for citywide traffic flow forecasting

Prompt and accurate traffic flow forecasting is a key foundation of urban traffic management.However,the flows in different areas and feature channels(inflow/outflow)may correspond to different degrees of importance in forecasting flows.Many forecasting models inadequately consider this heterogeneity,resulting in decreased predictive accuracy.To overcome this problem,an attention-based hybrid spatiotemporal residual model assisted by spatial and channel information is proposed in this study.By assigning different weights(attention levels)to different regions,the spatial attention module selects relatively important locations from all inputs in the modeling process.Similarly,the channel attention module selects relatively important channels from the multichannel feature map in the modeling process by assigning different weights.The proposed model provides effective selection and attention results for key areas and channels,respectively,during the forecasting process,thereby decreasing the computational overhead and increasing the accuracy.In the case involving Beijing,the proposed model exhibits a 3.7%lower prediction error,and its runtime is 60.9%less the model without attention,indicating that the spatial and channel attention modules are instrumental in increasing the forecasting efficiency.Moreover,in the case involving Shanghai,the proposed model outperforms other models in terms of generalizability and practicality.

A Specific Peptide Vaccine Against IDH1(R132H) Glioma

Malignant tumors of the central nervous system(CNS)have the poorest prognosis among the cancers.Gliomas are the most commonly occurring tumors of the CNS[1],accounting for almost 30%of all primary brain tumors and 80%of all malignant brain tumors[2].In 2016,the World Health Organization(WHO)assigned gliomas into four grades(I-IV)based on molecular parameters and light microscopic features[3];WHO grade I is the least malignant while grade IV is the worst.Glioma cells are believed to be derived from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells,and are characterized by active growth,strong invasion and rapid migration.Based on morphological similarities to the neuroglial cell types found in the normal brain,gliomas are histologically classified into astrocytomas,oligodendrogliomas,mixed oligoastrocytic gliomas,and ependymomas.

Microglia Share the Burden

Parkinson's disease(PD),diffuse Lewy body disease(DLBD),and multiple system atrophy(MSA)are major neurodegenerative disorders;they are synucleinopathies,whose pathogenesis is due to the aggregation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)[1].α-syn is a 140 amino acid presynaptic protein that is composed of three domains:the N-terminal region[amino-acids(AA)1-60];the central domain with a non-Aβcomponent(AA 61-95),and the C-terminal acidic carboxyl-terminal tail(AA 96-140)[2].The structure of the protein exhibits different forms such as monomers,oligomers,fibrils,or fibers,which largely depend on the intracellular environment.Under pathological circumstances,monomericα-syn tends to form amyloid fibrils which finally condense into Lewy bodies[3].

A Temporal Precision Approach for Deep Transcranial Optogenetics with Non-invasive Surgery

Optogenetics,an optical technique that uses light as a modality of biological control to manipulate neuronal activity,has revolutionized the understanding of individual neurons and the ability to decode neural circuit mechanisms in the nervous system[1].Optogenetics technology has rapidly become a standard tool for understanding the mechanisms of cell types,neural circuits,and nervous systems under both normal and pathological conditions.