狂犬病毒的间谍行动

狂犬病是一种严重的病毒性感染,因其发病快、致死率高而闻名。这种病毒主要通过犬类等动物的咬伤或唾液传播给人类,一旦发病,常常导致死亡。虽然疫苗接种和健康教育的进步已经在一定程度上减少了狂犬病在全球的影响,但这种疾病仍然是一个严峻的公共卫生挑战。人类的免疫系统可比作一个设有层层防线和中枢指挥系统的国家,而狂犬病毒则可视为一个思维缜密、装备精良的间谍。假设有一名成年男性被疯狗小迪咬伤,狂犬病毒借机潜伏。免疫系统将如何与病毒展开智斗,让我们拭目以待。

Autumn migration routes and wintering areas of juvenile Chinese Egrets(Egretta eulophotes)revealed by GPS tracking

Background:The vulnerable Chinese Egret(Egretta eulophotes)is a long-distance migratory waterbird whose migration and wintering information is poorly understood.This study aims to identify the autumn migration routes and wintering areas of juvenile Chinese Egrets and determine the migration movement traits of this species.Methods:Thirty-nine juvenile Chinese Egrets from the Fantuozi Island,an uninhabited offshore island with a large breeding colony of Chinese Egrets in Dalian,China,were tracked using GPS/GSM transmitters.Some feathers from each tracked juvenile were collected for molecular identification of sex in the laboratory.The GPS locations,recorded at 2-h intervals from August 2018 to May 2020,were used for the analyses.Results:Of the 39 tracked juveniles,30 individuals began their migration between September and November,and 13 successfully completed their autumn migration between October and November.The juveniles migrated southward via three migration routes,coastal,oceanic and inland,mainly during the night.The migration duration,migration distance,flight speed,and stopover duration of the 13 juvenile egrets that completed migration averaged 5.08±1.04 days,3928.18±414.27 km,57.27±5.73 km/h,and 23.08±19.28 h,respectively.These juveniles wintered in the coastal wetlands of Southeast Asia including those in the Philippines,Vietnam,and Malaysia,and only one successfully began its spring migration in June 2020.Conclusions:This study newly finds that the oceanic route taken by juvenile Chinese Egrets,suggesting that the juveniles are able to fly over the Pacific Ocean without a stopover.Moreover,our novel data indicate that coastal wetlands along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway are important areas for both autumn migration stopover and the wintering of these juveniles,suggesting that international cooperation is important to conserve the vulnerable Chinese Egret and the wetland habitats on which it depends.

From China’s Heavy Precipitation in 2020 to a “Glocal” Hydrometeorological Solution for Flood Risk Prediction

The prolonged mei-yu/baiu system with anomalous precipitation in the year 2020 has swollen many rivers and lakes,caused flash flooding,urban flooding and landslides,and consistently wreaked havoc across large swathes of China,particularly in the Yangtze River basin.Significant precipitation and flooding anomalies have already been seen in magnitude and extension so far this year,which have been exerting much higher pressure on emergency responses in flood control and mitigation than in other years,even though a rainy season with multiple ongoing serious flood events in different provinces is not that uncommon in China.Instead of delving into the causes of the uniqueness of this year’s extreme precipitation-flooding situation,which certainly warrants in-depth exploration,in this article we provide a short view toward a more general hydrometeorological solution to this annual nationwide problem.A“glocal”(global to local)hydrometeorological solution for floods(GHS-F)is considered to be critical for better preparedness,mitigation,and management of different types of significant precipitation-caused flooding,which happen extensively almost every year in many countries such as China,India and the United States.Such a GHS-F model is necessary from both scientific and operational perspectives,with the strength in providing spatially consistent flood definitions and spatially distributed flood risk classification considering the heterogeneity in vulnerability and resilience across the entire domain.Priorities in the development of such a GHS-F are suggested,emphasizing the user’s requirements and needs according to practical experiences with various flood response agencies.

Hydrogen-transfer conversion of furfural into levulinate esters as potential biofuel feedstock

Furfural is directly converted to levulinate esters（isopropyl levulinate and furan-2-ylmethyl-levulinate） as potential biofuel feedstocks, through a combined catalytic strategy. Nb;O;-ZrO;mixed oxide microspheres are used as bifunctional catalysts for hydrogen-transfer hydrogenation and acid-catalyzed alcoholysis in isopropanol. Bifunctional catalysts improve sustainability of furfural conversion through process intensification. Hydrogen transfer hydrogenation from isopropanol avoids dangerous hydrogen gas, and abates process and environmental costs. Isopropyl levulinate and furan-2-ylmethyl-levulinate are the main products that can be applied as blending components in biodiesel or hydrocarbon fuels.

Migration and wintering of vulnerable adult Chinese Egrets(Egretta eulophotes)revealed by GPS tracking

Knowledge of migratory bird requirements is critical to developing conservation plans for vulnerable migratory species.This study aimed to determine the migration routes,wintering areas,habitat uses,and mortalities of adult Chinese Egrets(Egretta eulophotata).Sixty adult Chinese Egrets(31 females and 29 males)on an uninhabited offshore breeding island in Dalian,China were tracked using GPS satellite transmitters.GPS locations recorded at2 h intervals from June 2019 to August 2020 were used for analysis.A total of 44 and 17 tracked adults completed their autumn and spring migrations,respectively.Compared with autumn migration,tracked adults displayed more diverse routes,higher number of stopover sites,slower migration speed,and longer migration duration in the spring.Results indicated that migrant birds had different behavioral strategies during the two migratory seasons.The spring migration duration and stopover duration for females were significantly longer than those for males.A positive correlation existed between the spring arrival and spring departure dates,as well as between the spring arrival date and stopover duration.This finding indicated that the egrets that arrived early at the breeding grounds left the wintering areas early and had a shorter stopover duration.Adult birds preferred intertidal wetlands,woodlands,and aquaculture ponds during migration.During the wintering period,adults preferred offshore islands,intertidal wetlands,and aquaculture ponds.Adult Chinese Egrets showed a relatively low survival rate compared with most other common ardeid species.Dead specimens were found in aquaculture ponds,indicating human disturbance as the main cause of death of this vulnerable species.These results highlighted the importance of resolving conflicts between egrets and human-made aquaculture wetlands and protecting intertidal flats and offshore islands in natural wetlands through international cooperation.Our results contributed to the hitherto unknown annual spatiotemporal migration patterns of adult Chinese Egrets,thereby providing an important basis for the conservation of this vulnerable species.

A bioactive nanocomposite sponge for simultaneous hemostasis and antimicrobial therapy

Uncontrollable bleeding and bacterial infections are the major reasons for the high mortality of post-traumatic.In this study,a composite hemostatic chitosan sponge CaO_(2)@SiO_(2)/CS was prepared by combining a novel core-shell inorganic nano hemostatic CaO_(2)@SiO_(2)nanoparticles with carboxylated chitosan,which presents a multi-layered structure with a rough and hydrophilic surface for rapid absorption of blood.When the CaO_(2)@SiO_(2)nanoparticles in the CaO_(2)@SiO_(2)/CS come into contact with blood,the silanol group on its surface and the released H_(2)O_(2)and Ca2+can recruit and activate platelets,while generating fibrin clots and activating the endo-exogenous coagulation cascade reaction to achieve rapid clotting.The H_(2)O_(2)released from CaO_(2)@SiO_(2)shows the antimicrobial capacity and stimulates the production of tissue factors by endothelial cells.Meanwhile,the silica coating reduces the cytotoxicity of bare CaO_(2),thus reducing the risk of secondary bleeding at the site of vascular injury.CaO_(2)@SiO_(2)/CS(48 s)showed a 1.83-and 2.52-fold reduction in hemostasis time compared to commercial gelfoam and CS in a femoral artery hemorrhage model.This study illustrates the hemostatic mechanism of CaO_(2)@SiO_(2)and provides a reference for the development of clinical biomedical inorganic hemostatic materials.

补阳还五汤治疗“气虚血瘀型”慢性阻塞性肺疾病缓解期合并肺动脉高压的临床研究

目的 :通过临床观察,西医常规治疗(对照组)和联合补阳还五汤(观察组)干预"气虚血瘀型"慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)缓解期合并肺动脉高压(PH)的临床疗效。方法 :本研究遵循随机原则,选取张家界市人民医院2019年4月~2020年12月符合COPD缓解期合并PH"气虚血瘀型"病例60例,观察组和对照组各30例。对照组予以西医的一般处理:家庭低流量给氧(1~3 L/min),吸氧持续时间大于15 h/日;布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂每次两吸,每12小时/次按时按量吸入。观察组:加服补阳还五汤,每次1/2剂,每日二次,疗程十二周,观察比对两大实验组别药物干预前和干预后中医症候疗效评分、肺动脉收缩压、肺功能(FEV1/FVC、FVC、FEV1)、血液流变学(D-D、HCT)等指标的差异。结果 :中医证候积分:组内对比,较治疗前下降,且以观察组患者下降更为明显;中医证候疗效:总有效率观察组为90%,对照组为63.3%,差异有统计学意义;肺动脉收缩压:组内比较,观察组该指标较治疗前下降;肺功能:将两组的FVC、FEV1/FVC、FEV1等指标组内干预前后对比,较药物干预前好转,且观察组程度更甚;血液流变学指标:加服补阳还五汤后,观察组HCT、D-D等指标较前改善。结论 :补阳还五汤治疗"气虚血瘀型"COPD缓解期合并PH,能一定程度上缓解患者的症状,降低血稠,改善肺循环的宏观血液流变学和微观血液流变学,防治疾病进展。